Amakuru - Imikoreshereze y'ingenzi ya lasers mu nganda

Kuva aho itangiriye mu myaka ya 1960, ikoranabuhanga rya laser ryateye imbere vuba riba igikoresho cy'ingenzi mu nganda bitewe n'ubucucike bwayo bw'ingufu nyinshi, icyerekezo cyiza no kugenzura. Ugereranyije n'uburyo gakondo bwo gutunganya imashini, gutunganya laser bifite ibyiza bikomeye nko kudakora ku kintu kimwe, gukora neza cyane no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, kandi bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda nko gukata ibikoresho, gusudira, gushyira ibimenyetso, gucukura no gukora inyongeramusaruro. Dukurikije ubwoko bwa laser n'imiterere yayo, gutunganya laser mu nganda bigabanyijemo ibice bitatu: gukata laser, gusudira laser no gukora inyongeramusaruro za laser. Buri buryo bwo gukora bufite uburyo bwihariye bwo gukora n'uburyo bwo kuyikoresha.

Gukata hakoreshejwe laser

Gukata laser ni kimwe mu bikoresho bya laser bikuze cyane mu nganda. Ikoresha icyuma gishyushya cyane cya laser kugira ngo ishongeshe kandi ihindure umwuka, kandi ihuzwa na gaze y'inyongera kugira ngo ikureho ifu, bityo igere ku gukata neza kandi neza. Laser za CO₂ na laser za fiber ni byo bikoresho by'ingenzi muri iki gihe, bikwiriye gukata amasahani yo hagati n'ayoroshye y'ibikoresho nk'icyuma cya karuboni, icyuma kitagira umugese, na aluminiyumu. Ibyiza by'ubu buryo biri mu gace kayo gato, agace gato gafite ingaruka ku bushyuhe, nta mpamvu yo gukoresha ibumba n'ubushobozi bwo guhindura vuba inzira zo gutunganya. Ikwiriye cyane cyane inganda zikenerwa cyane nko gukora imodoka, gutunganya ibyuma n'indege.

Mu nganda zikora imodoka, gukata hakoreshejwe laser bikoreshwa mu gukora ibice bitandukanye kuva ku bice by'umubiri kugeza kuri moteri. Urugero, fiber laser ikoreshwa mu gukata neza ibice by'icyuma gikomeye, bityo bigatuma imodoka zigira ubworoherane.

(2) Inganda zikora mu by’indege kandi zungukira mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gukata laser, cyane cyane mu gukora ibice bigoye bikozwe mu bikoresho bigezweho nka titaniyumu n’ibikoresho bivanze. Urugero, laser zihuta cyane zishobora gukoreshwa mu gukata ibice bya titaniyumu bifite imiterere ikomeye, mu gihe bigabanya kwangirika k’ubushyuhe no kwemeza ko imiterere y’ibice, bikongera cyane imikorere n’umutekano by’ibice by’indege.

Gusudira hakoreshejwe laser

Gusudira hakoreshejwe laser bituma ibintu bihuzwa vuba hakoreshejwe laser, aho ibyuma bishongeshwa mu buryo bwihuta, byihuta cyane kandi bishyushye cyane. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gusudira burimo gusudira laser ihoraho no gusudira laser ikoresheje pulsed, bikwiye gukoreshwa mu gusudira neza plate nto no gusudira deep-penetration. Ugereranyije no gusudira arc, imigozi yo gusudira hakoreshejwe laser ifite imbaraga nyinshi kandi idahinduka cyane, kandi ikoreshwa mu bintu nko gupakira bateri, gusudira ibice by'icyuma kidashonga, no gukora ibice by'icyuma gikoresha ingufu za kirimbuzi. Cyane cyane mu gukora bateri, gusudira hakoreshejwe laser byabaye uburyo busanzwe bwo guhuza.

(1) Mu nganda z'imodoka, gusudira hakoreshejwe laser bikoreshwa mu guhuza ibice by'umubiri, ibice bya moteri, n'ibindi bice by'ingenzi. Urugero, fiber laser zikoreshwa mu gusudira neza ibice by'icyuma gikomeye kugira ngo bikore ingingo zikomeye kandi ziramba.

(2) Mu nganda z'ikoranabuhanga, gusudira hakoreshejwe laser bikoreshwa mu guhuza neza ibice bito kandi by'ingenzi. Urugero, laser za diode zikoreshwa mu gusudira uturemangingo twa bateri muri bateri za lithium-ion kugira ngo hamenyekane ko amashanyarazi ahuzwa neza.

(3) Mu nganda z’indege, Boeing 787 Dreamliner ikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gusudira hakoreshejwe laser kugira ngo ihuze aloyi za titaniyumu n’ibikoresho bivanze, bigabanya cyane umubare wa rivets, bigabanya uburemere bwa fuselage, kandi bikongera uburyo lisansi ikoreshwa neza.

Ikoranabuhanga rya laser, nk'inkingi y'ingenzi mu nganda ziteye imbere, ihora yagura imipaka yayo mu nganda. Muri iki gihe, gutunganya laser birimo gutera imbere bigamije ingufu nyinshi, ubushishozi bwinshi no guhuza imikorere myinshi, nko gusudira laser-electric arc composite, gutunganya laser ultra-fast, na sisitemu zo kugenzura laser. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe no gutera imbere guhoraho kwa laser semiconductor ifite imbaraga nyinshi, sisitemu zo kugenzura ubwenge, n'ibitekerezo by'inganda zitagira ibidukikije, gutunganya laser bizakomeza kugira uruhare runini mu nganda zikoresha ubwenge, ibicuruzwa byihariye, n'ibicuruzwa bikorerwa ahantu hakomeye.