Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusudira hakoreshejwe laser, bitewe n'ubucucike bwayo bwinshi bw'ingufu, ubushyuhe buke butera ndetse n'imiterere idakora, yabaye imwe mu nzira z'ingenzi mu gukora ibintu bigezweho neza. Ariko, ibibazo nk'ubushyuhe, ubwiyongere bw'ingufu n'itwikwa ry'ibintu biterwa no gukorana kwa pisine ishongeshejwe n'ikirere mu gihe cyo gusudira bibangamira cyane imiterere ya mekanike n'igihe umushongi ukoreshwa. Nk'igikoresho cy'ibanze cyo kugenzura ibidukikije byo gusudira, guhitamo ubwoko, umuvuduko w'amazi n'uburyo bwo guhumeka bwa gazi irinda bigomba guhuzwa n'imiterere y'ibikoresho (nk'imikorere ya chimique, imikorere y'ubushyuhe) n'ubugari bw'icyuma.
Ubwoko bw'imyuka ikingira
Akamaro k'ingenzi k'imyuka yo kurinda ni ugutandukanya ogisijeni, kugenzura imikorere y'ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe, no kunoza imikorere y'ingufu zihuza. Hashingiwe ku miterere yabyo ya shimi, imyuka yo kurinda ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bya imyuka idafite umwuka (argon, helium) na imyuka ikora (azote, dioxyde de carbone). Imyuka idafite umwuka ifite ubushobozi bwo guhindagurika cyane mu bya shimi kandi ishobora gukumira ogisijeni y'ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe, ariko itandukaniro rikomeye mu miterere y'ubushyuhe bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku ngaruka zo gusudira. Urugero, argon (Ar) ifite ubucucike bwinshi (1.784 kg/m³) kandi ishobora gukora irangi rihamye, ariko ubushyuhe bwayo buke (0.0177 W/m·K) butuma ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe gikonja buhoro buhoro no kwinjira mu buryo buciriritse. Mu buryo bunyuranye, helium (He) ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi inshuro umunani (0.1513 W/m·K) kurusha argon kandi ishobora kwihutisha ubukonje bw'ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe no kongera kwinjira mu buryo bushyushye, ariko ubucucike bwayo buke (0.1785 kg/m³) butuma isohoka, bigasaba umuvuduko mwinshi w'amazi kugira ngo ikomeze kugira ingaruka zo kurinda. Imyuka ikora nka azote (N₂) ishobora kongera imbaraga zo gusudira binyuze mu gushimangira umuti ukomeye mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, ariko gukoreshwa cyane bishobora gutera ubwiyongere cyangwa kugwa kw'ibyiciro byo kwangirika. Urugero, iyo usuka icyuma kidashonga kabiri, gukwirakwira kwa azote mu kidendezi cyashongeshejwe bishobora guhungabanya uburinganire bwa ferrite/austenite, bigatuma ubudahangarwa bw'ingufu bugabanuka.
Ishusho ya 1. Gusudira icyuma kitagira umugese cya 304L (hejuru): Gukingira gazi; (hasi): Gukingira gazi ya N2
Ukurikije uburyo ibintu bikorwamo, ingufu nyinshi za helium (24.6 eV) zishobora kugabanya ingaruka zo kurinda plasma no kongera ingufu za laser, bityo bikongera ubujyakuzimu bw'ingufu zinjira. Hagati aho, ingufu nke za ionization za argon (15.8 eV) zishobora gukora ibicu bya plasma, bisaba gukuraho focus cyangwa modulation ya pulse kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka mbi. Byongeye kandi, reaction ya chemical hagati ya active gaze na pool yashongeshejwe (nk'uko azote ikora na Cr mu cyuma) ishobora guhindura imiterere ya weld, kandi guhitamo witonze hashingiwe ku miterere y'ibikoresho ni ngombwa.
Ingero z'ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho:
• Icyuma: Mu gusudira igice gito (<3 mm), argon ishobora kwemeza ko ubuso burangira neza, ifite ubugari bwa 0.5 μm gusa ku mugozi w'icyuma gikozwe muri 1.5 mm gifite karuboni nke; ku masahani manini (>10 mm), hakenewe kongerwamo helium nke (He) kugira ngo uburebure bw'amazi bwinjire burusheho kwiyongera.
• Icyuma kidashonga: Uburinzi bwa Argon bushobora gukumira gutakaza ibice bya Cr, hamwe n'ingano ya Cr ya 18.2% mu mugozi w'icyuma kidashonga wa 3 mm 304 weld weld yenda kugera kuri 18.5% by'icyuma cy'ibanze; ku cyuma kidashonga cya duplex, hakenewe uruvange rwa Ar-N₂ (N₂ ≤ 5%) kugira ngo uburinganire bube bwiza. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko iyo ukoresheje uruvange rwa Ar-2% N₂ ku cyuma kidashonga cya duplex cya 2205 gifite ubugari bwa 8 mm, igipimo cya ferrite/austenite kiba gihamye kuri 48:52, gifite imbaraga zo gukurura za 780 MPa, ziruta uburinzi bwa argon (720 MPa).
• Aluminiyumu: Isahani nto (<3 mm): Ubushobozi bwinshi bwo kugarura urumuri rw'aluminiyumu butuma habaho igipimo gito cyo kwinjiza ingufu, kandi heliyumu, hamwe n'ingufu zayo nyinshi zo gushyiramo ionization (24.6 eV), ishobora gutuma plasma ihagarara neza. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko iyo aluminiyumu ifite ubugari bwa mm 2 irinzwe na heliyumu, ubujyakuzimu bw'injira bugera kuri mm 1.8, bwiyongeraho 25% ugereranije na argon, kandi igipimo cyo gupfundika kiri munsi ya 1%. Ku masahani afite ubugari (>5 mm): Amasahani afite ubugari bwa aluminiyumu asaba ingufu nyinshi, kandi uruvange rwa heliyumu na argon (He:Ar = 3:1) rushobora kuringaniza ubujyakuzimu bw'injira n'ikiguzi. Urugero, iyo usuka amasahani afite ubugari bwa mm 8 na 5083, ubujyakuzimu bw'injira bugera kuri mm 6.2 munsi y'uburinzi bwa gazi ivanze, bwiyongeraho 35% ugereranije na gazi ya argon yonyine, kandi ikiguzi cyo gusudira kigabanukaho 20%.
Icyitonderwa: Inyandiko y'umwimerere irimo amakosa n'ibidahuye. Ubuhinduzi bwatanzwe bushingiye ku nyandiko yakosowe kandi ihuje.
Ingaruka z'umuvuduko w'ingufu za argon
Igipimo cy'umuvuduko w'umwuka wa argon kigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bushobozi bwo gutwikira umwuka ndetse n'uburyo amazi akoreshwa mu kidendezi cyashongeshejwe. Iyo umuvuduko w'amazi utari uhagije, urwego rwa gazi ntirushobora gutandukanya umwuka burundu, kandi impande z'ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe zishobora kwangirika no kurema imyenge ya gazi; iyo umuvuduko w'amazi urenze urugero, bishobora gutera umuyaga mwinshi, ushobora koza ubuso bw'ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe bigatera gushonga cyangwa gusuka. Dukurikije umubare wa Reynolds w'amazi (Re = ρvD/μ), kwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'amazi byongera umuvuduko w'amazi. Iyo Re > 2300, umuvuduko w'amazi uhinduka umuvuduko w'amazi uhindagurika, uzangiza umutuzo w'ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe. Kubwibyo, kumenya umuvuduko w'amazi ukenewe bigomba gusesengurwa binyuze mu igerageza cyangwa simulation z'imibare (nka CFD).
Ishusho ya 2. Ingaruka z'umuvuduko utandukanye w'amazi aturuka kuri gaze ku mugozi wo gusudira
Uburyo bwo kunoza imikorere y'amazi bugomba guhindurwa hamwe n'uburyo bwo gutwara ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho n'ubugari bwa plate:
• Ku byuma n'ibyuma bitagira umushongi: Ku byuma bito (mm 1-2), umuvuduko w'amazi ni byiza kuba hagati ya 10-15 L/umunota. Ku byuma binini (>mm 6), bigomba kongerwaho 18-22 L/umunota kugira ngo bihagarike ogisijeni y'umurizo. Urugero, iyo umuvuduko w'amazi ufite ubugari bwa mm 6 na 316L ari 20 L/umunota, ubukana bwa HAZ burushaho kwiyongeraho 30%.
• Ku bijyanye n'icyuma cya aluminiyumu: Ubushyuhe bwinshi busaba umuvuduko mwinshi w'amazi kugira ngo wongere igihe cyo kurinda. Ku bijyanye n'icyuma cya aluminiyumu gifite ubugari bwa mm 3 cya 7075, umuvuduko wa porosity uba uri hasi cyane (0.3%) iyo umuvuduko w'amazi uri hagati ya 25-30 L/min. Ariko, ku byuma bifite ubunini bwinshi cyane (> mm 10), ni ngombwa kubivanga n'ibihuha bivanze kugira ngo hirindwe umuvuduko.
Ingaruka z'uburyo bwa gaze ihuha
Uburyo bwa gaze ihuha bugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku miterere y'amazi mu kidendezi cyashongeshejwe ndetse n'ingaruka zo gukumira inenge binyuze mu kugenzura icyerekezo n'uburyo gaze ihuha. Uburyo bwa gaze ihuha bugenga uburyo ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe gitembera mu kidendezi gishongeshejwe binyuze mu guhindura imiterere y'ubuso n'uburyo Marangoni ihuha (Marangoni flow). Guhuha ku ruhande bishobora gutuma ikidendezi gishongeshejwe gitembera mu cyerekezo runaka, bigabanyiriza imyenge n'ingufu; guhuha bivanze bishobora kunoza imiterere y'ingufu binyuze mu kuringaniza ikwirakwizwa ry'ingufu binyuze mu nzira nyinshi zihuha.
Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gupfumura burimo:
• Guhuha kwa Coaxial: Umuvuduko wa gaze usohoka mu buryo bwa coaxial hamwe n'umuyoboro wa laser, utwikira pisine ishongeshejwe, ikwiriye gusudira yihuta cyane. Akamaro kayo ni uko inzira yayo idahindagurika cyane, ariko umuvuduko wa gaze ushobora kubangamira uburyo laser ikoresha. Urugero, iyo ukoresheje coaxial pushing ku cyuma gikozwe mu modoka (1.2 mm), umuvuduko wo gusudira ushobora kwiyongera ukagera kuri 40 mm/s, kandi igipimo cyo gusudira kiri munsi ya 0.1.
• Guhuha ku ruhande: Imyuka iva ku ruhande rw'ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe, ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukuraho imyanda ya plasma cyangwa yo hasi mu cyerekezo, ikwiriye gusudira mu buryo bwimbitse. Urugero, iyo uhuha ku cyuma cya Q345 gifite ubugari bwa mm 12 ku nguni ya 30°, kwinjira mu cyuma cyo gushuha biriyongeraho 18%, kandi igipimo cyo gupfuka kw'amazi hasi kigabanuka kuva kuri 4% kugera kuri 0.8%.
• Guhuha kw'ibinyabutabire: Guhuza guhuha kw'ibinyabutabire n'uruhande, bishobora gukumira icyarimwe oxidation na plasma interference. Urugero, ku cyuma cya aluminiyumu cya 6061 gifite ubugari bwa mm 3 gifite imiterere y'iminwa ibiri, igipimo cy'ubushyuhe kiragabanuka kuva kuri 2.5% kugeza kuri 0.4%, kandi imbaraga zo gukurura zigera kuri 95% by'ibikoresho by'ibanze.
Ingaruka za gaze yo kurinda ku bwiza bwo gusudira zituruka ahanini ku kugenzura uburyo ikoresha mu guhererekanya ingufu, imiterere y’ubushyuhe bw’ikidendezi gishongeshejwe, n’imikorere ya shimi:
1. Gukwirakwiza ingufu: Ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa helium bwihutisha ubukonje bwa pisine ishongeshejwe, bigabanura ubugari bw'agace kagize ikibazo cy'ubushyuhe (HAZ); ubushyuhe buke bwa argon butuma pisine ishongeshejwe ikomeza kubaho, ibi bikaba ingirakamaro mu gukora ubuso bw'ibipande bito.
2. Guhagarara neza kw'ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe: Imyuka itemba igira ingaruka ku rujya n'uruza rw'ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe binyuze mu mbaraga zo gukata, kandi umuvuduko ukwiye w'amazi ushobora kugabanya imiyoboro; umuvuduko mwinshi w'amazi utera imiraba, bigatera inenge zo gusudira.
3. Kurinda imiti: Imyuka idakora itandukanya ogisijeni kandi ikabuza ogisijeni y’ibintu bya alloy (nka Cr, Al); imyuka ikora (nka N₂) ihindura imiterere y’ubushuhe binyuze mu gushimangira umuti ukomeye cyangwa gukora imvange, ariko ingano yayo igomba kugenzurwa neza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mata-09-2025
