Uburyo bwo Gutera Imbere n'Ibipimo byo Guhagarika Imyanya yo Gukomera mu Gusudira hakoreshejwe Laser

Gusudira hakoreshejwe imirasire ya laser, hamwe n'umuvuduko wayo wo hejuru, ubushishozi bwayo bwinshi no kudakora, ikoreshwa cyane mu bintu nk'imodoka, mu kirere, no mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, cyane cyane bigaragaza ibyiza bidasanzwe mu guhuza ibikoresho bitandukanye. Ariko, gushonga kw'ubukonje (Solidification Cracking) bivuka mu gihe cyo gusudira ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bibangamira ikoreshwa ryayo mu nganda. Iyi mvune ikunze kubaho mu mpera yo gushonga mu gace k'ubukonje (Fusion Zone), iterwa n'ingaruka zivanze z'ubushyuhe, gushonga kw'ubukonje n'urumuri rw'amazi ku mbibi z'ingano, bigabanya cyane imiterere y'imashini n'igihe cyo kunanirwa kw'ingingo.

1. Uburyo bwo gushushanya

Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gushonga kw'amazi buri mu gice cy'amazi gisigaye ku mbibi z'ingano mu mpera yo gushonga. Mu gihe cyo gushonga kw'amazi, ikidendezi gishongeshejwe kigabanyijemo uduce dutatu: agace k'amazi kigenga, agace k'amazi kigenga, n'agace k'amazi gakomeye, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1. Mu gace k'amazi kigenga, amazi atemberamo araziba kandi ntashobora kwishyura uburemere buterwa no gushonga kw'amazi, bigatuma habaho gutandukana kw'umupaka w'ingano. Igipimo cy'ingufu z'umupaka w'ingano (γgb) n'ingufu z'umuyoboro w'amazi (γsl) kigena uguhagarara kw'ifirime y'amazi: niba γgb < 2γsl, firime y'amazi idahamye kandi habayeho guhuza kw'ingano; ku rundi ruhande, firime y'amazi irahamye kandi gutangira kwangirika bishobora kubaho.

Byongeye kandi, ikorwa ry'imiyoboro yo gukonjesha rifitanye isano n'imiterere y'ibikoresho by'icyuma. Ibikoresho bitandukanye bifite imiterere itandukanye yo gukonjesha, nko ku rugero rw'ubushyuhe bwo gukonjesha, igipimo cyo gukonjesha, n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ibintu bya alloy, nibindi. Ibi biranga bigira ingaruka ku bushishozi bw'imiyoboro. Urugero, mu bikoresho birimo ingano nini y'imiyoboro yo gukonjesha, ubushishozi bw'imiyoboro yo gukonjesha buri hejuru kuko ibi byiciro byo gukonjesha bikunze gukora filime z'amazi zihoraho mu gihe cyo gukonjesha, bityo bikarushaho gukaza ikorwa ry'imiyoboro.

Mu gihe cyainzira yo gusudira hakoreshejwe laser, ibipimo byo gusudira nk'imbaraga za laser, umuvuduko wo gusudira, n'ingano y'ahantu nabyo bigira ingaruka ku ikorwa ry'imivuniko yo gukonja. Ibi bipimo bigira ingaruka ku buryo ubushyuhe bwinjira n'ubushyuhe bugera mu gihe cyo gusudira, bityo bihindura imiterere yo gukonja n'imiterere y'ibinyampeke. Urugero, imbaraga nyinshi za laser n'umuvuduko muke wo gusudira bitera ubushyuhe bwinshi no gukonja buhoro, ibyo bigatera gukura kwa kristu zo mu gisenge kandi byongera ubushobozi bwo gukonja. Ku rundi ruhande, imbaraga nke za laser n'umuvuduko mwinshi wo gusudira bituma ubushyuhe bwinjira buhoro kandi bukonja vuba, byoroshya ikorwa rya kristu zihwanye kandi bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo gukonja.

2.Ingamba zo gukumira

Kugira ngo bihagarare neza icyuho cyo gukomera murigusudira hakoreshejwe laser, abashakashatsi batanze ingamba zitandukanye, zibanda cyane cyane ku kugenzura imiterere y'ingano, kunoza ibipimo byo gusudira, no kunoza imiterere y'ibikoresho. Mu kunoza imiterere y'ingano, umubare w'imipaka y'ingano ushobora kwiyongera, kandi ubwinshi bw'umuvuduko bushobora kugabanuka, bityo bigabanye ikorwa ry'imivuniko. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ryo gusimbuka imirasire ya laser, kristu zishobora guhinduka kristu nziza zihwanye nta bindi bikoresho byongeyeho. Gusimbuka imirasire ya laser bishobora gukwirakwiza ingufu za laser, bigatuma ikidendezi gishongeshejwe gitera imihindagurikire y'ikirere, bityo bigaca icyerekezo cyo gukura kwa kristu zishingiye ku mirasire kandi bigateza imbere ikorwa rya kristu zishingiye ku mirasire, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3. Byongeye kandi, gusimbuka imirasire ya laser bishobora kongera ubugari bwa kidendezi gishongeshejwe, bikagabanya ubushyuhe, kandi bikongera igihe cyo gusimbuka kwa kidendezi gishongeshejwe, ibyo bikaba byorohereza gukwirakwira kwa kristu no kongera ibyuma by'amazi, bityo bigagabanya cyane ubushobozi bwo gusimbuka imivuniko.

Gukwirakwiza filime z'amazi ku mupaka w'ingano munsi y'imiterere itandukanye y'ikidendezi.

Ishusho y'icyitegererezo cy'ikidendezi gishongeshejwe, a, b) nta guhindagurika, c, d) guhindagurika kw'impande, e, f) guhindagurika kw'uburebure, g, h) guhindagurika kw'impande.

Uretseumurimbo wa laserIkoranabuhanga ryo guhindagurika kw'ikirere, gukoresha amasoko abiri ya laser nabyo ni bumwe mu buryo bwiza bwo gukumira uduce duto two gushonga. Amasoko abiri ya laser ashobora kugera ku mpinduka kuva kuri kristu zimeze nk'inkingi zijya kuri kristu zimeze nk'izingana binyuze mu kunoza uruziga rw'ubushyuhe, bityo bikagabanya ingano y'ibinyampeke n'ubwinshi bw'ibinure. Urugero, iyo ukoresheje laser ya CO₂ nk'isoko nyamukuru y'ubushyuhe na laser ya Nd:YAG pulsed nk'isoko y'ubushyuhe y'inyongera, uruziga rw'ubushyuhe rushobora gukorwa mu gihe cyo gusudira, bigatera imbere kuremwa kwa kristu zimeze nk'izingana kandi bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo kwangirika kw'uduce duto, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4.

Gukoresha neza ibipimo byo gusudira nabyo ni uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gukumira uduce duto two gukonja. Mu guhindura ibipimo nk'imbaraga za laser, umuvuduko wo gusudira, n'ingano y'ahantu, uburyo ubushyuhe bwinjira n'ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo gusudira bishobora kugenzurwa, bityo bigira ingaruka ku miterere yo gukonja n'imiterere y'ibinyampeke. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko gutunganya mbere yo gushyushya bishobora kugabanya umuvuduko wo gukonja, bigatera imbere kuremwa kwa kristu zihwanye, bityo bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo gukonja nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 5. Byongeye kandi, uburyo nko gukoresha kristu zivanze no kongera umuvuduko wo gusudira nabyo bishobora gutuma habaho impinduka kuva kuri kristu zigizwe n'inkingi zijya kuri kristu zihwanye binyuze mu guhindura umuvuduko wo gushyushya no gukonja, bityo bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo gukonja kw'ibinyampeke.

Ishusho ya 5. a) Idashyushye, b) Ibinyampeke byashyushye bishyushye bingana na 300°C.

Mu gihe cyo gusudira ibikoresho bitandukanye ukoresheje laser, bitewe n'itandukaniro rikomeye mu miterere y'umubiri n'iya shimi hagati y'ibikoresho, ibintu bitoroshye hagati y'ibyuma bitoroshye bishobora kuvuka, bikaba ari imwe mu mpamvu zikomeye zitera gucika kw'imitsi. Kubwibyo, guhindura ibipimo bya laser n'imiterere yayo kugira ngo bigabanye imiterere cyangwa ingano y'ibice bito cyane hagati y'ibyuma nabyo ni ingamba y'ingenzi yo gukumira uduce duto cyane. Urugero, mu gusudira hakoreshejwe laser ibikoresho bitandukanye by'umuringa na aluminiyumu, mu kugenzura imiterere y'umurabyo wa laser n'umuvuduko wo gusudira, igipimo cyo kuvanga umuringa na aluminiyumu mu kidendezi cyashongeshejwe gishobora kugabanuka, bityo bikagabanya imiterere y'ibice bito cyane hagati y'ibyuma bito cyane kandi bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo gucika kw'imitsi. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha ibikoresho byuzuza bishobora no kunoza imikorere y'ingingo ishongeshejwe no kugabanya imiterere y'imitsi. Ibikoresho byuzuza bishobora kugabanya imiterere y'ibice bito cyane binyuze mu guhindura imiterere n'imiterere y'ingingo ishongeshejwe no kunoza ubukana bw'ingingo ishongeshejwe.

Uduce duto two gukomeretsa ni kimwe mu bintu bikunze kugaragara mu mikorere yo gusudira hakoreshejwe laser. Uburyo bwo kuyirema ni ingenzi kandi bukubiyemo uburyo ibintu byinshi bifitanye isano nko gushyuha, mekanike, na metallurgie. Mu kwiga byimbitse uburyo bwo kuyirema hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukomeretsa, hashobora gutangwa ishingiro ry’inyigisho zo gukumira uduce duto. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, abashakashatsi batanze ingamba zitandukanye zo gukumira uduce duto two gukomeretsa, zibanda cyane cyane ku kugenzura imiterere y’ibinyampeke, kunoza ibipimo byo gusudira, no kunoza imiterere y’ibikoresho. Imyitozo yagaragaje ko izi ngamba zishobora kugabanya neza uburyo uduce duto two gukomeretsa ku rugero runaka no kunoza ubwiza n’ubudahemuka bwo gusudira hakoreshejwe laser. Ariko, bitewe n’ubugoranye n’uburyo butandukanye bwo gusudira hakoreshejwe laser, haracyari ibibura bimwe na bimwe mu bushakashatsi buriho ubu. Urugero, ku buryo bwo gukumira uduce duto two gukomeretsa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bitandukanye n’imiterere yo gusudira, haracyakenewe ubushakashatsi bwimbitse.