1.1 Amateka y'ubushakashatsi
Bitewe n'iterambere ryihuse rya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga,ubushobozi bw'ubwengebikomeje gutera imbere, bituma inganda zikora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga ziba intandaro ikomeye mu iterambere ry’inganda. Urugero, amakuru yashyizwe ahagaragara na Minisiteri y’Itangazamakuru mu Bushinwa agaragaza ko inganda zikora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga mu gihugu zageze ku iterambere ritangaje rya 11.6% mu 2023—ikimenyetso cy’imbaraga zirambye z’igihugu n’udushya mu ikoranabuhanga muri uru rwego. Byongeye kandi, umubare w’udushya mu bigo bikora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga wariyongereye cyane, ugera mu nzego nko gukora ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, ibikoresho bigezweho, n’ikoranabuhanga rirengera ibidukikije, bigaragaza imbaraga n’impinduka zikomeye mu nganda. Iyi nzira ntiyahinduye gusa uburyo gakondo bwo gukora ibikoresho ahubwo yanahutishije iterambere ry’inganda, yongera imikorere n’ubwiza. Imiterere y’ibikoresho byikora n’amarobo y’inganda birimo gusimbura imirimo y’abantu.
Hamwe n'iterambere ryaigihe cy'ubuhanga mu gukora ibintu, imikorere y’ikoranabuhanga ryikora cyane kandi ry’ubwenge rya robots zo mu nganda ihura neza n’ibyo inganda zikora zisaba kugira ubushishozi bwinshi, koroshya imikorere, no koroshya imikorere mu mikorere. Ibi byazamuye akamaro kazo mu nganda, bituma ziba imbaraga z’ingenzi zitera impinduka no kuvugurura inganda. Robots zikorana—ibikoresho by’inganda bishobora kugera ku bufatanye hagati y’imashini n’imashini ndetse n’abantu—zagaragaye nk’ingenzi mu bushakashatsi bwa robots bitewe n’imyitwarire yazo yigenga n’ubushobozi bwo gukorana, zibishyira mu mwanya ukomeye mu robots zo mu nganda zizaza. Mu ikoranabuhanga rya robots zikorana, ibipimo by’imikorere ya servo moteri—harimo umuvuduko wo gusubiza torque, torque ikora neza, imiterere ikora neza, ikoreshwa ry’ingufu, n’ubushyuhe—bigena mu buryo butaziguye imikorere ya robots, ubwizigame, n’ukuri. Nk’ishingiro ry’imbaraga za robots, imikorere ya servo systems igira ingaruka zikomeye ku buziranenge bw’imikorere n’ubwizerwe. Ikigaragara ni uko moteri za servo zifatanye zigira uruhare runini mu kugera ku buziranenge bw’imiterere. Moteri nziza ya servo ifatanye yemeza ko ishyirwa mu mwanya neza n’imikorere ihamye mu gihe cy’imirimo igoye, bityo bikagabanya amakosa.
"Gahunda ya 14 y'imyaka itanu yo guteza imbere inganda za robots" ishimangira ubushakashatsi ku miyoboro ya robots ikoranye ubuhanga, aho iyo miyoboro ikwiriye cyane robots zikorana. Igitekerezo cyabo cy’igishushanyo mbonera gihuriweho cyane gikubiyemo actuators, sensors, na drivers zijya mu miyoboro ubwayo, bigahindura buri miyoboro mu buryo bwigenga. Mu kunoza imiterere y'imbere n'imiterere, imiterere y'igenzura ikwirakwizwa igabanya cyane umubare w'insinga hagati y'urwego rutandukanye rwa sisitemu, bityo bigagabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga no kongera ubwizerwe muri rusange. Igishushanyo mbonera cya modular kandi cyoroshya gusimbuza no kubungabunga imiyoboro, bikongera cyane ipiganwa ku isoko rya robots zikorana.
Itsindaigitekerezo cy'amarobo akoranaYatangijwe bwa mbere mu 1996, hamwe na filozofiya yayo yo gushushanya ihindura imikorere gakondo ya roboti binyuze mu gutuma habaho imikoranire hagati ya roboti n'abantu ku murongo w'ibikorwa. Ubu buryo bwo gukorana ntibukoresha gusa imikorere myiza n'ubuhanga bwa roboti ahubwo bunahuza ubwenge bw'abantu n'ubworoherane, bukongera imikorere myiza n'uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora. Ugereranije na roboti zisanzwe zo mu nganda, roboti zikorana zigaragaza imiterere itandukanye, zigaragaza ko ari itsinda rito rikomeye mu rwego rwa roboti. Imiterere yazo bwite n'uburyo bwo kugenzura byahinduwe cyane. Roboti gakondo zo mu nganda—nk'imiterere y'ukuboko kwa roboti igaragara ku Ishusho ya 1—zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gupakira, gufata ibikoresho, gusudira, no gukata hakoreshejwe laser. Nubwo izi roboti zifite ubushobozi bwo gukomera cyane, kudahungabana kw'imiterere, no gutwara imizigo ikomeye, zigaragaza kandi imbogamizi: ingano nini n'uburemere, kudakora cyane mu ngendo, imiterere minini kandi idakora neza, no kudakora imirimo yo guteranya ibintu vuba cyane. Byongeye kandi, imbaraga zazo zikomeye zo gukora ibintu no kugenda vuba cyane biteza ingaruka zikomeye ku mutekano ku bakozi bari mu ntera y'imikorere yazo, bigasaba ko zikorwa mu bice bifunze.
Ishusho ya 1 Intwaro gakondo z'inganda za robots n'imashini zikorana
Robot zikorana zituma habaho gukorana icyarimwe n'abantu mu bice bihuriweho kandi zikorohereza imikoranire ya hafi mu bice bihuriweho. Ugereranyije n'amaboko asanzwe ya roboti, roboti zikorana ubusanzwe zitwara umutwaro ntarengwa wa kg 20 ku gice cyazo cya nyuma, zifite urwego rw'imikorere rungana n'urwo ukuboko kw'umuntu gushobora kugeraho. Imiterere yazo yoroshye kurusha iy'amaboko asanzwe ya roboti akoreshwa mu nganda afite uburyo bugoye bwo kohereza amakuru, mu gihe atanga uburyo bworoshye bwo gusubiza imbaraga, ubworoherane bworoshye, n'ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kubona ibintu. Ibi bizifasha guhindura imbaraga mu buryo buhamye mu gihe cyo gukorana n'abantu, bikarinda kwangirika gukabije. Kubera iyo mpamvu, roboti zikorana zishobora gukorana n'abantu mu mutekano kugira ngo zirangize imirimo zidasaba inzitizi zisanzwe z'umutekano.
Robot zikorana zikora ibikorwa byo gukorana n'abantu; bityo rero, umutekano ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu mikoranire hagati y'abantu na robo. Ni ngombwa kugenzura neza imbaraga z'imikorere n'imbaraga zizenguruka mu gihe hakoreshwa ingamba za tekiniki nko kugenzura ubushyuhe, kugenzura imbaraga, kumenya aho ibintu bihurira, no kumenya aho ibintu bihurira kugira ngo hirindwe imvune ku bakozi. Sisitemu z'ubwenge zo kugenzura imodoka za robo nazo zikeneye kunozwa kurushaho mu gucunga umutekano, bigatuma habaho kugenzura neza binyuze mu kubara guhindagurika no kwerekana ibishushanyo bishingiye ku bareba.
Mu bushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa, Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry’Amarobo (IFR) ryagaragaje ko iterambere ry’amarobo mu gihe kizaza rizagaragaza ahanini icyerekezo cyo koroshya, koroshya ikoreshwa, ubworoherane, n’imikoranire mu mutekano. Amarobo yo mu nganda azajya agera ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’ikoranabuhanga n’ubwenge; imiterere yayo yoroshye kuyikoresha izagabanya inzitizi mu mikorere, bityo ibigo byinshi bishobore gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya roboti mu buryo bworoshye kugira ngo byongere umusaruro. Hagati aho, imiterere ifite ubworoherane n’ubushobozi bwo gukorana mu mutekano izatuma amarobo ashobora kumenyera neza ibidukikije bitandukanye kandi bigoye gukora, byorohereza imikoranire hagati y’abantu na roboti kandi birusheho guteza imbere iterambere ry’inganda mu buryo bw’ubwenge no mu buryo bunoze.
Ishusho ya 2: Agace k'akazi ka roboti ikorana
1.2 Akamaro k'ubushakashatsi
Mu isoko rya roboti rihuriweho ubu, roboti z’ubwisanzure zifite uburebure bw’ibiro birindwi zirakunzwe kubera imikorere yazo myinshi n’uburyo zigenda neza. Izi roboti zitanga ubwisanzure bukabije, zitanga ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukora ikoranabuhanga mu nganda no gukora ibintu mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga. Buri rwego rw’ubwisanzure rugerwaho binyuze mu gice cy’imashini gihuza roboti, kikaba ari ikintu cy’ingenzi mu kugena imikorere ya roboti. Inganda enye zikomeye—FANUC, ABB, Yaskawa, na KUKA—buri imwe ikoresha sisitemu zitandukanye zo kohereza amakuru mu maboko yayo gakondo ya roboti; icyakora, bakoresha moteri za servo zifatanye na bevel gears, spur gears, cyangwa imikandara ihuza kugira ngo yohereze ingufu ku ngingo kugira ngo zizunguruke. Ubu buryo bwo kohereza amakuru bugabanya ingano y’ingingo za roboti. Nubwo kugera ku buhanga buhanitse bishoboka, miniaturization iracyari ingorabahizi. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3, roboti zisanzwe zo mu nganda zikenera utubati two hanze ducunga imizigo ya moteri, hamwe n’insinga nyinshi zihuza buri moteri n’akabati, bityo bikagabanya uburyo bworoshye bwo kohereza sisitemu zo kugenzura.
Ishusho ya 3 Robot n'akabati k'ubugenzuzi gakondo mu nganda
Bitewe n'uko imiterere gakondo y'amaboko ya roboti yo mu nganda itagishobora kuzuza ibisabwa na roboti zikorana, izi ngingo zaretse uburyo busanzwe bwo kohereza amakuru ahubwo zihitamo filozofiya nshya yo gushushanya. Ubu buryo bwibanda ku kugera ku buryo bworoshye, bufite voltage nke, kandi buhujwe cyane binyuze mu guhuza umugenzuzi, umushoferi wa servo, na moteri mu gice ubwacyo, hamwe n'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi iri imbere. Umubare muto cyane w'imiyoboro yo kugenzura ni wo ugaragara hanze, byoroshya insinga zo hanze kandi bikagabanya ubukana bw'ubuhanga. Igishushanyo nk'iki cyitwa ihurizo rihujwe.
Bitewe n'ibikenewe mu iterambere n'uburyo imikorere y'amarobo akorana, gushushanya ihurizo ryoroheje, rifite voltage nke, rihujwe cyane, kandi rikora neza ni ingenzi cyane. Ihuriro nk'iryo rihujwe rigizwe n'ibintu byose by'ingenzi bikenewe kugira ngo ihurizo rigende neza—harimo actuators, controllers, drivers, na sensors—kandi rishobora gukora ku giti cyaryo nk'uburyo bwigenga. Iyo rihujwe n'igenzura rikuru cyangwa izindi modules binyuze mu buryo bworoshye bwo gukoresha ingufu n'ubugenzuzi, iyi miterere ihuriweho cyane ariko idahuza cyane yongera cyane ubushobozi bwo kwaguka bwa robots zikorana. Binyuze mu gukoresha iyi hurizo ryihuriweho rya modular no kurihuza n'amaboko ya robots angana neza n'ibintu birangira, robots zikorana zigenewe ibisabwa bitandukanye zishobora guteranywa byoroshye.
Ishusho ya 4 Ishusho y'icyitegererezo cy'akazu k'inyuma
Ubushakashatsi ku ngingo zihujwe za robots zikorana na sisitemu zazo zo kugenzura servo bufite akamaro kanini mu guteza imbere robots zikorana. Ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi ry'izi ngingo zihujwe rigizwe n'ibice bibiri by'ingenzi: uburyo bwo kugabanya ingufu n'uburyo bwo kugenzura moteri zihuza hamwe na algorithms zazo zo kugenzura. Zhixin Drive Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd. yibanda ku bushakashatsi bwayo ku ngingo zihujwe za robots zikorana, ikora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku buryo bwo kugenzura moteri zikorana na robots. Iyi sosiyete irimo gutegura urukurikirane rw'ibicuruzwa bya robots zikorana na robots bifite ubwenge bwinshi butuma habaho ubushobozi bwo kugenzura bworoshye kandi bwizewe ku ngingo zikorana na robots, mu gihe irimo ibintu by'ingenzi nko kwiyumva, gufata ibyemezo mu buryo bw'ubwenge, gushyira mu bikorwa neza, no kugenzura neza - bityo bigahura n'ibikenewe mu iterambere ry'ibikoresho bigezweho.
2 Uko ubushakashatsi buhagaze ubu mu gihugu no mu mahanga
Mu 1956, umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’Umunyamerika Joe Engelberger akaba n’umuvumbuzi George Devol bashinze isosiyete y’imashini zikora robo yitwa Unimation, yabashije gukora robo ya mbere ku isi mu nganda—Unimate—mu 1959.
General Motors yatangiye gukoresha robo mu nganda mu ruganda rwayo rwa New Jersey mu 1961. Mu 1969, Ubuyapani bwazanye robo zo muri Unimation, nyuma buha uburenganzira ikoranabuhanga ryabwo Kawasaki Heavy Industries na KUKAI Corporation ifite icyicaro mu Bwongereza mu bikorwa byo gukora robo mu Buyapani no mu Bwongereza. Bitewe n'iterambere ry'inganda z'imodoka mu Buyapani, umubare munini wa robo zasimbuye akazi k'abantu mu gukora robo, bigaragaza neza akamaro kazo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, Ubuyapani bwashyize imbaraga nyinshi mu iterambere rya robo mu nganda. Duhereye kuri Kawasaki Heavy Industries nk'imbanzabigwi mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya robo, hagakurikiraho kugaragara amasosiyete akomeye ku isi akora robo nka FANUC na Yaskawa, Ubuyapani bwabaye kimwe mu bihugu bifite ubuhanga mu ikoranabuhanga rya robo ku isi.
Mu 1973, isosiyete y’Abadage yitwa KUKA yahinduye robo ya Unimate kugira ngo ikore robo ya mbere ifite ubushobozi bwo kwigenga, Famulus, ikoresha moteri y’amashanyarazi. Mu 1974, ASEA (yabanjirije ABB), isosiyete y’amashanyarazi yo muri Suwede, yakoze robo ya mbere ku isi ikoresha amashanyarazi yuzuye, IRB 6, igenzurwa na microprocessor, yongera cyane ubwenge bwa robo. Mu 1978, isosiyete ya Unimation yo muri Amerika yashyize cyane robo yayo y’inganda ya PUMA ku mirongo ya General Motors, irushaho kwerekana akamaro n’agaciro ka robo z’inganda kandi igaragaza ko ikoranabuhanga rya robo z’inganda rimaze gukura, bityo ishyiraho urufatiro rukomeye rw’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ryakurikiyeho.
Mu myaka irenga mirongo ine ishize ikoranabuhanga rikora robots mu nganda, iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryakomeje. Ariko, bitewe n’umutekano, robots zikunze gushyirwa ahantu runaka ho gukorera kandi zigashyirwa ukwazo hakoreshejwe ibyuma birinda abantu, bigatuma zidakorana n’abantu mu mwanya umwe. Iyi miterere gakondo igabanya imikoranire hagati y’abantu na robots, bigatuma bigorana kugera ku bikorwa by’ubufatanye binoze. Nubwo hakozwe ubushakashatsi bwinshi, kugera ku mikoranire myiza hagati y’abantu na robots biracyari ikibazo gikomeye mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga rikora robots mu nganda.
Mu 2005 ni bwo umushinga ukomeye watewe inkunga n’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi watangije igitekerezo cy’amarobo akorana. Uyu mugambi wahuje amasosiyete akomeye mu by’inganda nka ABB, KUKA, Reis, Comau, na Gudel kugira ngo bafatanye gutegura robo ihendutse, nto kandi yoroshye yagenewe ibigo bito n’ibiciriritse, igamije kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku mirimo ikorerwa abandi. Uyu mushinga wagaragaje neza ubushobozi bw’imikoranire hagati y’abantu na robo, ushyiraho urufatiro rukomeye rw’igitekerezo cy’amarobo akorana.
Robot zo mu ntangiriro zikorana ahanini zari impinduka n'ikoreshwa rya robo zisanzwe zo mu nganda, nta guhindura cyane cyane filozofiya yazo yo mu nganda cyangwa uburyo bwo gukora. Kuva yashingwa mu 2005, Universal Robots yiyemeje guteza imbere robo zikorana zishobora gukorana mu mutekano hamwe n'abakozi b'abantu. Mu 2009, sosiyete yatangije UR5—robot ya mbere ku isi ikorana—ikigaragaza intangiriro y'iki gihe. Nyuma yaho, Rethink yatangije Baxter ifite amaboko abiri na robo nshya ya Sawyer ifite amaboko amwe, buhoro buhoro ishyiraho robo zikorana nk'icyitegererezo cyemewe kandi cyemewe mu ikoranabuhanga rya robo. Iri terambere ryatanze ubumenyi bushya n'amabwiriza yo kwihutisha imikorere y'inganda mu gihe kizaza no guteza imbere ubuhanga.
Ishusho ya 5: Robot ya UR5 na Robot ya Sawyer Baxter
Isosiyete ya Siasun Robot, ikorana n’Ikigo cya Shenyang Institute of Automation cy’Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubumenyi bw’Abashinwa, yagaragaje bwa mbere robo y’ubufatanye ifite imiterere irindwi ihagarariye urwego rw’ikoranabuhanga ruteye imbere rw’Ubushinwa mu Imurikagurisha ry’Inganda mu Gushyingo 2015. Kuva icyo gihe, imashini nyinshi za robo zikorana mu gihugu nka Luoshi na Aobo zagiye zimenyekana buhoro buhoro.
Ku bijyanye n'ingingo za roboti, itandukaniro ry'ibanze hagati y'ingingo za roboti zikorana n'izikoreshwa mu nganda zikora cyane riri mu "guhinduka kwazo." Uku guhinduka kw'ingingo kugaragazwa no kudakomera cyane kwa mashini, kugabanuka kw'ubudahangarwa, no gushobora kumva imbaraga z'ingufu. Muri iki gihe, guhinduka kw'ingingo gukoreshwa mu maboko ya roboti bikorana ahanini bituruka ku kugenzura neza aho umuntu ahagaze no kugenzura imbaraga z'ingufu.
Ishusho ya 6 Imiterere isanzwe y'urusobe rw'amarobo akorana
Incamake y'ubushakashatsi buriho ubu igaragaza ko iterambere rya roboti mu Bushinwa ryatangiye nyuma y'iry'ibihugu nka Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'Ubuyapani. Ubushakashatsi ku roboti zikorana buracyari inyuma cyane y'ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga bihari, aho imbogamizi zikomeye ziri mu bigabanya imbaraga n'uburyo bwo kugenzura moteri. Roboti zikorana mu gihugu ubu zifite umwanya munini wo kunoza ubushobozi bwo kugenzura hamwe, cyane cyane mu bijyanye no kugenzura neza no kugenzura mu buryo bw'ubwenge. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi ku ma roboti ku isi bugaragaza ko umutekano, ubworoherane, n'ubwenge ari byo biranga iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga. Impande za roboti ziri guhinduka zigana ku buryo buhuriweho cyane bwo kugenzura moteri n'ubwenge bwinshi. Nubwo impande za roboti zikorana zavuye ku buyobozi busanzwe buhuriweho zijya ku buryo bwo kugenzura moteri bukwirakwira, ubu zikora ibikorwa bishingiye kuri moteri gusa, zidafite ubushobozi bwo kwiyumvisha ibintu mu buryo bwigenga, gufata ibyemezo mu buryo bw'ubwenge, no gushyira mu bikorwa neza - bigatuma urwego rw'ubwenge ruba ruto. Haracyari amahirwe menshi yo kwiyongera k'ubusabe bwa sisitemu zikorana za roboti zikorana.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-22-2026
