Ihame ryo gukora laser

Kuki dukeneye kumenya ihame rya lasers?

Kumenya itandukaniro riri hagati ya lasers zisanzwe za semiconductor, fibres, disiki, nalaser ya YAGbishobora kandi gufasha gusobanukirwa neza no kugira uruhare mu biganiro byinshi mu gihe cyo gutoranya.

Iyi nkuru yibanda cyane ku bumenyi buzwi: incamake y'ihame ryo gukora laser, imiterere y'ingenzi ya laser, n'ubwoko butandukanye bwa laser.

Ubwa mbere, ihame ryo gukora laser

Ikoranabuhanga rya laser rikorwa binyuze mu mikoranire iri hagati y'urumuri n'ibintu, bizwi nka stimulant radiation amplification; Gusobanukirwa stimulant radiation amplification bisaba gusobanukirwa ibitekerezo bya Einstein ku bijyanye no gusohora ibintu mu buryo bwihuse, stimulant absorption, na stimulant radiation, ndetse n'amahame amwe n'amwe y'ingenzi.

Ishingiro ry'inyigisho 1: Icyitegererezo cya Bohr

Icyitegererezo cya Bohr gitanga ahanini imiterere y'imbere ya atome, bigatuma byoroha kumva uburyo imirasire ya laser ibaho. Atome igizwe na nucleus na electron ziri hanze ya nucleus, kandi imirasire ya electron si isanzwe. Electron zifite imirasire imwe n'imwe gusa, muri yo imiterere y'imbere yitwa ground state; Iyo electron iri mu butaka, ingufu zayo ni zo zo hasi. Iyo electron isimbutse mu nzira, yitwa state ya mbere ya excited, kandi ingufu za state ya mbere ya excited zizaba zirenze iz'ubutaka; Indi nzira yitwa state ya kabiri ya excited;

Impamvu laser ishobora kubaho ni uko electrons zigenda mu nzira zitandukanye muri ubu buryo. Iyo electrons zifata ingufu, zishobora kuva ku butaka zijya ku butaka; Iyo electron igarutse kuva ku butaka ijya ku butaka, irekura ingufu, akenshi zirekurwa mu buryo bwa laser.

Ishingiro ry'inyigisho 2: Inyigisho ya Einstein yo gukurura imirasire

Mu 1917, Einstein yatanze igitekerezo cy’imirasire itera imbaraga, ari na yo shingiro ry’inyigisho zo gukora imirasire no gukora imirasire: kwinjiza cyangwa gusohora ibintu mu buryo bw’ibanze ni umusaruro w’imikoranire hagati y’imirasire n’uduce tugize ibintu, kandi ingenzi yabyo ni ihinduka ry’uduce hagati y’urwego rw’ingufu zitandukanye. Hari inzira eshatu zitandukanye mu mikoranire hagati y’urumuri n’ibintu: kwinjiza ibintu mu buryo bw’impanuka, kwinjiza ibintu mu buryo bw’ingufu, no kwinjiza ibintu mu buryo bw’ingufu. Ku buryo burimo uduce twinshi, izi nzira eshatu zihorana kandi zifitanye isano ya hafi.

Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere:

Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho: electron iri ku rwego rw'ingufu nyinshi E2 ihinduka mu buryo bwikora ijya ku rwego rw'ingufu nke E1 igatanga fotoni ifite ingufu za hv, na hv=E2-E1; Iyi nzira y'impinduka yihuta kandi idafite aho ihuriye yitwa impinduka yihuta, naho imiraba y'urumuri isohoka mu mpinduka yihuta yitwa imirasire yihuta.

Ibiranga ibyuka bitunguranye: Buri fotoni yigenga, ifite icyerekezo n'ibyiciro bitandukanye, kandi igihe cyo kubaho nacyo ni ikintu gitunguranye. Ni icy'urumuri rudasobanutse kandi rudasobanutse, atari urumuri rusabwa na laser. Kubwibyo, inzira yo gukora laser igomba kugabanya ubwo bwoko bw'urumuri rudasobanutse. Iyi nayo ni imwe mu mpamvu ituma uburebure bw'urumuri rwa laser zitandukanye bugira urumuri rudasobanutse. Iyo igenzuwe neza, igipimo cy'ibyuka bitunguranye muri laser gishobora kwirengagizwa. Uko laser irushaho kuba nziza, nka 1060 nm, ni 1060 nm, ubwo bwoko bwa laser bufite igipimo cyo kwinjiza n'imbaraga zidahindagurika.

Gukurura umubiri hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuwukuramo:

Elektroni ziri ku rwego rwo hasi rw'ingufu (orbitals nke), nyuma yo kwinjiza fotoni, zijya ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'ingufu (orbitals nyinshi), kandi iyi nzira yitwa stimulated absorption. stimulated absorption ni ingenzi kandi ni imwe mu nzira z'ingenzi zo gupompa. Isoko ya pompe ya laser itanga ingufu za fotoni kugira ngo itere uduce duto mu buryo bwo gukusanya kugeza ku mpinduka no gutegereza imirasire ishyushye ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'ingufu, igasohora laser.

Imirasire iterwa n'imirasire:

Iyo imurikiwe n'urumuri rw'ingufu zo hanze (hv=E2-E1), electron iri ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'ingufu ishyuha cyane na fotoni yo hanze maze igasimbuka ikagera ku rwego rwo hasi rw'ingufu (orbit yo hejuru igana ku murongo wo hasi). Muri icyo gihe, isohora fotoni isa neza na fotoni yo hanze. Iyi nzira ntifata urumuri rw'umwimerere rwo gushyuha, bityo hazabaho fotoni ebyiri zisa, zishobora kumvikana nk'aho electron isohora fotoni yari yarigeze gukururwa. Iyi nzira yo kumurikirwa yitwa imirasire ishyuha cyane, ikaba ari inzira inyuranyije n'iyo yo gukururwa cyane.

Nyuma y’uko inyigisho isobanutse neza, biroroshye cyane gukora laser, nk’uko bigaragara ku ishusho iri hejuru: mu bihe bisanzwe byo kudahungabana kw’ibintu, electron nyinshi ziba ziri mu mimerere y’ubutaka, electron ziri mu mimerere y’ubutaka, kandi laser iterwa n’imirasire ishyushye. Kubwibyo, imiterere ya laser ni iyo gutuma electron zishyushye ziba mbere na mbere, zigashyira electron ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’ingufu, hanyuma zigatanga akanyamuneza gatuma electron nyinshi zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zinyura mu mirasire ishyushye, zigasohora fotoni. Ibi biva kuri iyi ngingo, laser ishobora gukorwa. Hanyuma, tuzagaragaza imiterere ya laser.

Imiterere ya laser:

Huza imiterere ya laser n'imiterere yo gukora laser yavuzwe mbere imwe imwe ku yindi:

Imiterere y'ibyabaye n'imiterere ijyanye nabyo:

1. Hariho uburyo bwo gukuraho ingufu butanga ingaruka zo kongera imbaraga nk'uburyo bwo gukora bwa laser, kandi uduce twayo dufite imiterere y'urwego rw'ingufu ikwiriye gukora imirasire ishyushye (ishobora cyane cyane kohereza electron mu kirere gifite ingufu nyinshi kandi kikabaho igihe runaka, hanyuma kikarekura fotoni mu mwuka umwe binyuze mu mirasire ishyushye);

2. Hari isoko yo hanze yo gukurura (isoko ya pompe) ishobora gukurura electron kuva ku rwego rwo hasi kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru, bigatuma umubare w'uduce duto uhinduka hagati y'urwego rwo hejuru n'urwo hasi rwa laser (ni ukuvuga iyo hari uduce dukoresha ingufu nyinshi kurusha uduce dukoresha ingufu nke), nk'itara rya xenon muri laser za YAG;

3. Hari umwobo utuma urumuri rugera ku kuzunguruka kwa laser, kongera uburebure bw'imikorere y'ibikoresho bikora kuri laser, gupima uburyo urumuri runyuramo, kugenzura icyerekezo cy'urumuri, kongera imbaraga z'imirasire ikora kugira ngo yongere ubuziranenge bwa monochromatique (kureba ko laser isohoka ku ngufu runaka).

Imiterere ijyanye nayo igaragara ku ishusho iri hejuru, ikaba ari imiterere yoroshye ya laser ya YAG. Izindi miterere zishobora kuba zigoye cyane, ariko icy'ingenzi ni iki. Uburyo bwo gukora laser bugaragara ku ishusho:

Icyiciro cya laser: muri rusange gishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe uburyo bwo gukura cyangwa hakurikijwe uburyo bwo gukoresha ingufu za laser

Ibyiciro by'inyungu biri hagati:

Laser ya dioxyde de carbone: Uburyo bwo gukuramo gaze bwa laser ya dioxyde de carbone ni helium nalaser ya CO2,ifite umurambararo wa laser wa 10.6um, ikaba ari imwe mu bikoresho bya laser bya mbere byatangijwe. Ubusudizi bwa laser bwa mbere bwari bushingiye ahanini kuri laser ya dioxyde de carbone, ubu ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gusudira no gukata ibikoresho bitari ibyuma (imyenda, pulasitiki, imbaho, nibindi). Byongeye kandi, ikoreshwa no ku mashini zitunganya lithography. Laser ya dioxyde de carbone ntishobora koherezwa binyuze mu migozi y'urumuri kandi ikanyura mu nzira z'urumuri rw'ikirere, Tongkuai ya mbere yakozwe neza cyane, kandi hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byinshi byo gukata;

Laser ya YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet): Kristale za YAG zivanze na neodymium (Nd) cyangwa iyoni z'icyuma za yttrium (Yb) zikoreshwa nk'uburyo bwo gukuraho irangi, bufite uburebure bw'umuvuduko wa 1.06um. Laser ya YAG ishobora gusohora impumuro nyinshi, ariko imbaraga zisanzwe ni nke, kandi imbaraga zidasanzwe zishobora kugera ku nshuro 15 z'imbaraga zisanzwe. Niba ari laser isanzwe ikoresha impumuro, umusaruro uhoraho ntushobora kugerwaho; Ariko ishobora koherezwa binyuze mu migozi y'urumuri, kandi icyarimwe, igipimo cyo kwinjiza ibikoresho by'icyuma kiriyongera, kandi gitangira gukoreshwa mu bikoresho byo kugarura urumuri cyane, bibanza gukoreshwa mu ishami rya 3C;

Fiber laser: Isosiyete ikoresha fibre ya ytterbium doped fiber nk'uburyo bwo gukuramo umusaruro, ifite uburebure bwa 1060nm. Igabanyijemo fibre na disiki laser hashingiwe ku ishusho y'uburyo bwo gukuramo umusaruro; Fiber optic ihagarariye IPG, mu gihe disiki ihagarariye Tongkuai.

Laser ya semiconductor: Gain medium ni semiconductor PN junction, kandi uburebure bw'ubugari bwa laser ya semiconductor buri kuri 976nm. Muri iki gihe, laser za semiconductor near-infrared zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gupfuka, zifite utudomo tw'urumuri turi hejuru ya 600um. Laserline ni ikigo gihagarariye laser za semiconductor.

Ishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe uburyo ingufu zikoreshwa: Pulse laser (PULSE), quasi continuous laser (QCW), continuous laser (CW)

Laser ya Pulse: nanosecond, picosecond, femtosecond, iyi laser ya pulse ya frequency yo hejuru (ns, pulse width) ikunze kugera ku ngufu nyinshi, ikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibikoresho bitandukanye bya aluminiyumu n'umuringa woroshye, ndetse no gusukura cyane cyane. Ikoresheje ingufu nyinshi, ishobora gushonga vuba ibikoresho by'ibanze, mu gihe gito cyo gukora no mu gace gato kagira ingaruka ku bushyuhe. Ifite inyungu mu gutunganya ibikoresho bito cyane (munsi ya mm 0.5);

Quasi continuous laser (QCW): Bitewe n'umuvuduko wo gusubiramo mwinshi n'umuvuduko muke (munsi ya 50%), ubugari bw'imitsiLazeri ya QCWIgera kuri 50 us-50 ms, yuzuza icyuho kiri hagati ya leza ya fiber ikomeza ku rwego rwa kilowatt na leza ya pulse ya Q-switched; Ingufu z'ikirenga za leza ya fiber ikomeza ishobora kugera ku nshuro 10 z'ingufu zisanzwe mu gihe cyo gukora mode ihoraho. Laza za QCW muri rusange zifite uburyo bubiri, bumwe ni ugusudira ku ngufu nke, ubundi ni ugusudira ku ngufu za laser ikoresheje pulse hamwe n'ingufu z'ikirenga zikubye inshuro 10 z'ingufu zisanzwe, zishobora kugera ku bikoresho binini no gusudira ubushyuhe bwinshi, mu gihe zinagenzura ubushyuhe mu rugero ruto cyane;

Laser ikomeza (CW): Iyi niyo ikoreshwa cyane, kandi inyinshi muri laser zigaragara ku isoko ni laser za CW zihora zisohora laser yo gutunganya ubushuhe. Laser za fibre zigabanyijemo laser zo mu buryo bumwe n'izo mu buryo bwinshi hakurikijwe uburebure butandukanye bw'umurambararo n'imiterere y'imirasire, kandi zishobora guhuzwa n'uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoreshwa.