Guteranya gusudira
1. Icyuho mu guteranya no kutumvikana neza
Ubwiza bw'inyubako ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo harebwe ko ubuziranenge bw'inyubako bukoreshwa mu gusudira. Icyuho kinini cyangwa imiterere mibi y'inyubako bishobora gutera inenge nko gutwika, kudakora neza kw'insinga, no kwinjira mu buryo budahagije. Icyuho cyo guteranya insinga n'ingingo z'ikibuno bigomba kuba bito uko bishoboka kose. Imbonerahamwe ya 8-2 igaragaza ibisabwa kugira ngo icyuho n'imiterere mibi y'insinga mu gusudira hakoreshejwe laser autogenous.
Kugira ngo harebwe ingano z'ibikoresho, kugabanya imihindagurikire y'imiterere y'aho bikorerwa, no kwirinda ko ahantu hagomba gusudira hatagenda neza bitewe n'ihindagurika ry'imiterere y'aho bikorerwa mu gihe cyo gusudira, gusudira tack ubusanzwe birakenewe mbere yo gusudira. Uburyo bumwe bwo gusudira bukoreshwa mu gusudira tack. Uburebure bw'udupira two gusudira tack ni 20–30mm, kandi ibisabwa ku isudira tack (urugero, ubujyakuzimu n'ubugari) biri hasi ugereranije n'ibyo gusudira byemewe. Umuvuduko wihuse w'urugendo muri rusange ukoreshwa mu gusudira tack ugereranije no gusudira byemewe. Mu rwego rwo kwemeza ko udupira two gusudira tack duhuza neza, udupira two gusudira tack tugomba kuba duto, turerure, kandi tworoshye, kandi ntitugomba kuba tunini cyane, twagutse, cyangwa turerure. Udupira two gusudira tack natwo dukenera uburinzi buhagije kugira ngo wirinde oxidation.
3. Ibikoresho n'ibipfunyika
Gusudira hakoreshejwe laser bikoreshwa cyane cyane mugusudira hakoreshejwe icyuma gito. Mu gusudira ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa "thin-plate", gusudira bikunze gukorwa ku ruhande rw'imbere rw'igikoresho, inyuma hagashonga bihagije kugira ngo habeho gusudira neza inyuma. Ku bijyanye no guhitamo ibipimo: gushyuha guke bishobora gutera ihuriro rituzuye inyuma; gushyuha cyane, mu gihe bitanga ubushobozi bwo kwinjira neza inyuma, bishobora gutera gushya bitewe n'uburemere bw'icyuma gishongeshejwe cyangwa ubugari bukabije bwo gushonga ugereranyije n'ubugari bw'igikoresho. Kugira ngo hirindwe gushya, niba igikoresho cyemerera gufunga, ibikoresho bigomba gukoreshwa mu gufunga igikoresho mu gihe cyo gusudira ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa "thin-plate" - gukanda uruhande rw'imbere no gushyira icyuma gifunga inyuma cy'umuringa cyangwa icyuma kidashonga ku ruhande rw'inyuma. Ibi birinda impinduka mu byuho byo guteranya cyangwa kugorana guterwa no guhindura uburyo bwo gusudira kandi birinda gusenyuka k'ubushyuhe. Iyo igikoresho gifite ubushyuhe butaringaniye mu turere bitewe n'impamvu z'imiterere, gukoresha ibikoresho kugira ngo biringanize gushonga k'ubushyuhe nabyo ni ingirakamaro, bigamije gukora ibikoresho bifite ingano imwe ku mpande zombi z'imbere n'inyuma.
Guhitamo Ibipimo byo Gusudira
Muri rusange, ibipimo byo gusudira hakoreshejwe laser birimo imbaraga za laser, ubugari bwa laser pulse, ingano ya defocus, umuvuduko wo gusudira, na gaze yo kurinda.
1.Ingufu za Laser
Hari ubucucike bw'ingufu za laser mu gusudira muri laser. Munsi y'iki gice, ubujyakuzimu bwo kwinjira buba buke cyane; iyo bugeze cyangwa burenze, ubujyakuzimu bwo kwinjira buriyongera cyane. Plasma ikorwa gusa iyo ubucucike bw'ingufu za laser ku gikoresho burenze urugero, bigaragaza ko isudira ihamye yo kwinjira. Munsi y'urwego, hashongeshwa ubuso gusa (gusuka ubushyuhe buhamye). Hafi y'imimerere ikomeye yo gushinga imfunguzo, kwinjira mu burebure no gusudira ubushyuhe, bigatuma habaho inzira idahindagurika hamwe n'ihindagurika rikomeye mu burebure bwo kwinjira. Ingufu za laser ni kimwe mu bipimo by'ingenzi mu gutunganya laser kandi ni ingenzi mu kugena ubujyakuzimu bwo kwinjira muri weld. Ku murambararo w'ahantu hadahinduka, ubucucike bw'ingufu za laser bungana n'ingufu za laser: imbaraga nyinshi zongera ubujyakuzimu bwo kwinjira no kwihuta mu gusudira. Ariko, imbaraga nyinshi zitera ubushyuhe bwinshi mu kidendezi cyashongeshejwe, byongera ubugari bwa weld n'agace gafite ingaruka ku bushyuhe (HAZ), kandi bigatera kwanduza cyane, bishobora kwanduza lens yo gusudira. Iyo imbaraga nyinshi, urwego rw'ubuso rushobora gushyuha kugeza ku rugero rwo kubira no gushonga cyane mu masegonda make, bigatuma biba byiza mu bikorwa byo gukuraho ibikoresho nko gucukura, gukata, no gushushanya. Iyo imbaraga zigabanutse, ubuso bufata milisegonda nyinshi kugira ngo bugere ku rugero rwo kubira, kandi urwego rwo hasi rurashonga mbere yo guhumeka, bityo bikaba byoroshya gusudira neza.
2. Ubugari bwa Laser Pulse
Ubugari bwa laser pulse, cyangwa "ubugari bwa pulse," ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gusudira hakoreshejwe laser pulse. Bigenwa n'ubujyakuzimu bwo kwinjira na HAZ: ubugari bwa pulse ndende byongera HAZ, kandi ubujyakuzimu bwo kwinjira bwiyongera hamwe n'umuzi kare w'ubugari bwa pulse. Ariko, ubugari bwa pulse ndende bugabanya imbaraga zo hejuru, bityo muri rusange zikoreshwa mu gusudira ubushyuhe, zigakora ibyuma binini kandi bito cyane - cyane cyane bibereye ku migozi y'ibipande bito n'ibinini. Ariko, imbaraga nke zo hejuru zitera ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi buri gikoresho gifite ubugari bwiza bwo kwinjira kugira ngo kigere ku burebure ntarengwa.
3. Guhitamo ingano ya Defocus
Aho ahantu hashyizwe imbere ni ingenzi cyane mugusudira hakoreshejwe laserIyo icyerekezo kiri hejuru y'ubuso bw'imashini, ubujyakuzimu bwo kwinjira buba buto, bigatuma gusudira mu buryo bwimbitse bigorana. Iyo icyerekezo kiri munsi y'ubuso, ubucucike bw'imbaraga imbere mu mashini buba buri hejuru ugereranyije n'ubuso, bigatuma ingufu zishonga cyane kandi zigahinduka umwuka, bigatuma ingufu zinjira cyane mu mashini kandi zikongera ubujyakuzimu bwo kwinjira. Hari uburyo bubiri bwo gukuraho icyerekezo: positive defocus (icyerekezo kiri hejuru y'imashini) na negative defocus (icyerekezo kiri munsi y'imashini). Mu by'ukuri, ku masahani manini akeneye uburebure bunini bwo kwinjira, hakoreshwa defocus mbi, aho laser focus ikunze kuba 1-2mm munsi y'ubuso bw'imashini. Ku masahani magufi, defocus mbi ni yo ikundwa, aho 1-1.5mm hejuru y'ubuso.
4. Umuvuduko wo gusudira
Iyo hari izindi parametre zihamye, uburebure bw'ubujyakuzimu bugabanuka uko umuvuduko wo gusudira wiyongera, mu gihe imikorere irushaho kuba myiza. Umuvuduko mwinshi cyane ntugera ku bisabwa mu kwinjira; umuvuduko muto cyane utera gushonga cyane, gusudira mu buryo bugari, gushyuha cyane, no kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe. Murigusudira hakoreshejwe laser, umuvuduko ugenwa kandi n'umuvuduko ntarengwa w'amajwi n'aho asabwa guhurirana—buri gace gakurikiraho gagomba guhurirana ku rugero runaka. Bityo, ku mbaraga za laser n'ubugari bw'ibikoresho, hari umuvuduko mwiza, aho ubujyakuzimu ntarengwa bwo kwinjira bugerwaho ku muvuduko runaka.
5. Gazi irinda
Imyuka idakora ikunze gukoreshwa mu kurinda ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe mu gihe cyo gusudira hakoreshejwe laser. Nubwo bimwe mu bikoresho bishobora kudakenera kurindwa ogisijeni y'ubuso, inyinshi muri zo zirabikora. Ubusanzwe, Ar, N₂, na He bikoreshwa mu gusudira laser ya aluminiyumu kugira ngo birinde ogisijeni. Mu buryo bw'imitekerereze, He ni yo yoroshye cyane ifite ingufu nyinshi za ionization, ariko iyo ifite imbaraga nke n'umuvuduko mwinshi, plasma iba nke, bigabanya itandukaniro hagati y'imyuka. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko mu bihe bimwe, N₂ yoroshya cyane gutera imiterere y'umwobo w'imfunguzo bitewe n'ingaruka za exothermic kuri Al; ibinyabutabire bya Al-NO ternary bivamo bifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza laser bwinshi. Ariko, N₂ nziza ikora ibice bya Al-N byoroshye n'imyenge mu gusudira. Imyuka idakora, kuko yoroshye, isohoka idatera imyenge, bigatuma imyuka ivanze igira akamaro kanini. Vuba aha, ubushakashatsi ku gusudira laser ya Al hakoreshejwe uruvange rwa Ar-O₂ na N₂-O₂ bwariyongereye.
6. Gufata ibikoresho
Gufata ingufu za laser biterwa n'imiterere nko kubyinjiramo, kugarura urumuri, kuyobora ubushyuhe, ubushyuhe bwo gushonga, n'ubushyuhe bwo guhumeka, aho kubyinjiramo ari byo by'ingenzi cyane. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku kubyinjiramo birimo:
Ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'amashanyarazi: Ku buso busesuye, ubushobozi bwo guhumeka bungana n'umuzi kare w'ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'amashanyarazi, buhinduka bitewe n'ubushyuhe.
Imiterere y'ubuso: Igira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo amazi ahuzwa bityo bigatuma habaho gusudira.
Amabwiriza n'amabwiriza agenga imikorere yo gusudira fibre laser ikoreshwa mu ntoki
1. Irinde imirasire y'umurambararo
Abasudira fibre laser bafatiwe mu ntokikoresha imirasire ya fibre laser yo mu bwoko bwa 4 isohora imirasire (1080±3)nm ifite imbaraga zirenga 1000W (bitewe n'icyitegererezo). Gukoresha imirasire mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye bishobora kwangiza amaso cyangwa uruhu. Nubwo itagaragara, imirasire ishobora kwangiza retina cyangwa cornea. Buri gihe wambare indorerwamo zemewe na laser mu gihe laser irimo gukora. Ntukigere ureba umutwe usohoka mu gihe laser irimo gukoreshwa, ndetse no mu ndorerwamo.
2. Gushyiraho Ibipimo byo Gusudira
Shyira ingufu nke za laser kuri ecran yo mu bwoko bwa "touchscreen" (nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 8-2). Shyira umutwe w'umuringa w'icyuma gisudira ku gice cy'akazi hanyuma ukande "torch switch" kugira ngo utange laser yo gusudira. Ibipimo bisanzwe: umurongo wa laser 5000Hz, umuvuduko wa galvanometer 300–600, gutinda kwa gaze >100ms, 100% by'ingufu zo gusohora umwuka uhoraho. Hindura ubugari bwa weld hashingiwe ku cyuho cyo guteranya; ingufu zishobora guhindurwa kuva kuri 0–1000W (0–100% by'ikirenga). Nyuma yo kwinjiza ibipimo, kanda "OK" hanyuma ubike kugira ngo igenamiterere rikore.
4. Ntugashyire umuvuduko ukabije wo gusudira
Uduce two gusudira tubaho binyuze mu kwimura isoko ya laser (reba Ishusho ya 8-3). Ubujyakuzimu n'ubugari biterwa n'umuvuduko n'imbaraga, hamwe n'umuvuduko usanzwe wa 1-3 m/min, bigatuma ubuso bworoshye, budafite igipimo gifite igipimo cya <1. Ku muvuduko n'amashanyarazi bidahinduka, guhindura umuvuduko bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bushyuhe, guhindura kwinjira n'ubugari. Umuvuduko mwinshi cyane utera ubushyuhe budahagije, bigatuma kwinjira kugabanuka, ubugari buto, gukata, imyenge, no kwinjira kutuzuye.
Gusukura imashini: Koresha uburoso bw'icyuma kitagira umugese cyangwa amapine ya pneumatic kugira ngo ukureho okiside kugeza igihe irangi ryera cyane rizaba rirangiye. Sudira ako kanya nyuma yo gusiga; ongera usyure niba gusudira byatinze amasaha 36.
Gusukura imiti: Kuraho okiside ukoresheje uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bitandukanye bitewe n'ibikoresho. Imbonerahamwe ya 8-3 igaragaza uburyo bwo gusukura imiti hakoreshejwe aluminiyumu. Kuraho amavuta/umukungugu ukoresheje imiti ikomoka ku bimera (lisansi, arukoro ya isopropyl) ukoresheje amazi, uhanagura, kandi wumisha.
5. Gabanya ubwinshi bw'ibice (Porosity)
Uduce twa hydrogène dukunze gukoreshwa mu gusudira hakoreshejwe laser ya aluminiyumu. Tugabanya utwo duce ukuraho ubushuhe bwo hejuru, amavuta na oxyde. Kongera igihe cyo gukonjesha pisine ishongeshejwe (binyujije mu kongera ubugari bw'ingufu) bifasha imyuka gusohoka, kuko ubwinshi bw'ubushyuhe bwa laser bugabanya irekurwa rya gaze. Irinde ko ibintu byibanda cyangwa ahantu habi ho gutandukanya, aho ingaruka zikomeye zo gutandukanya pisine ishongeshejwe n'umwuka wo mu bwoko bwa alloy byongera ubwinshi bw'ingufu; koresha ingufu zoroshye binyuze mu gusudira hakoreshejwe uburyo bwahinduwe kugira ngo ugabanye ubushyuhe.
6. Itondere uburyo itara rifata
Amatara ya laser akoreshwa mu ntoki (reba Ishusho ya 8-4) aremereye kurusha amatara ya TIG kandi afite insinga nini, bigatuma umuntu ananirwa. Ku bijyanye no gusudira igihe kirekire, fata itara n'amaboko yombi, komeza umwotsi uhuze n'igikoresho, shyira itara mu buryo bugaragara, hanyuma ukure itara mu buryo buhamye ugana aho uri. Hindura imiterere ukurikije aho gusudira kugira ngo ugabanye umunaniro n'umubare w'ingingo.
7. Kurinda imvune za laser
Imikorere idahwitse ishobora guteza impanuka. Kurikiza aya mategeko:
Ntuzigere ureba umutwe w'icyuma gisohora laser mu gihe cyo gukora.
Ntugakoreshelaser za fibremu bidukikije byijimye/byijimye.
Ntuzigere werekeza itara ku bantu igihe igikoresho kiri gukora.
Koresha ibyuma biri hafi ya metero 3 uvuye aho basudira.
Kugera mu gace ko gusudira gusa ni ingenzi ku bakoresha.
Ambara ibikoresho byo kwirinda (indorerwamo zemewe, udupfukamunwa, uturindantoki). Ntukigere ureba umutwe usohoka mu gihe laser irimo gukoreshwa, kabone n'iyo waba ufite indorerwamo.
Fata itoroshi n'insinga witonze (umurambararo muto wo kugonda >200mm).
Kuraho urufunguzo rwa laser rusohora iyo rudakoreshwa.
Menya neza ko amazi y'umunwa ari meza kugira ngo urinde neza umwuka:
Inkuta z'imbere ziroroshye, zifatanye na laser.
Hindura vuba utuzubu twangiritse kugira ngo itara rikomeze kugenda neza.
Ingano y'umwobo ufunguka (reba Ishusho ya 8-6) igira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'ubusode: umwobo munini wongera urujya n'uruza rwa gaze, ukihutisha gukomera no kongera ibyago byo kwangirika/gucika.
8. Irinde umuvuduko mwinshi ku bikoresho bigabanya ubukana bw'amacandwe
Gusudira hakoreshejwe laserikoresha amatara ya galvanometer adafite insinga, azunguruka. Umuvuduko mwinshi ugabanya kwinjira, ufunga buhoro, ugabanya ubwinshi bw'imyuka, kandi ugahungabanya uburyo gaze itwikiriye, bigatuma uburinzi burushaho kwiyongera. Koresha umuvuduko muto ku byuma bishobora kwangirika.
9. Kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ibice byose
Itandukaniro ry'ubushyuhe n'ubushyuhe budafite insinga bishobora gutera gutwika, imiyoboro, cyangwa imiyoboro. Sudira buri gihe kugira ngo ugabanye guhagarara; niba bidashoboka kwirinda guhagarara (urugero: guhindura aho uhagaze, gusudira ibice), gahoro gato (10mm) mbere yo guhagarara kugira ngo wirinde imiyoboro. Ongera utangire 20mm inyuma y'umuyoboro wabanje kugira ngo uhuze neza kandi ube mwiza.
10. Kurikiza uburyo bwiza bwo gukora imuri
Kura itara werekeza aho uri (kuva kure kugera hafi) nta kuzunguruka kw'inyuma. Komeza umuvuduko uhamye mu gihe ukurikirana uko ibintu bigenda neza. Ku bijyanye no gusudira uhagaze, koresha ingendo zo hasi (utari hejuru) kugira ngo ukoreshe imbaraga zo gukomera vuba kandi urebe ko bigenda neza.
11. Irinde ko uduce duto tw'ingufu ducibwamo ibice, uduce duto, no gusenyuka mu duce duto tw'ingufu.
Ku bijyanye no gusudira imigozi, hindura inguni ikoreshwa na laser kugira ngo galvanometer ipfuke 2/3 by'icyuma gihagaze (reba Ishusho ya 8-7). Ibi bishongesha igice gihagaze (nk'icyuzuza) na 1/3 cy'icyuma gisanzwe binyuze mu gushyushya, bigatuma habaho isudi ingana bihagije nyuma yo gukonjesha. Isudi idafite ubushobozi bwo gusudira imigozi igabanya imbaraga z'ingingo, igabanya ubudahangarwa bw'imivuniko, cyangwa igatera imiterere mibi—irinde gukata.
12. Kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kugarura urumuri mu gusudira aluminiyumu
Aluminiyumu igaragaza 60–98% by'ingufu za lazeri. Ubushobozi bwo kugarura urumuri bugabanuka cyane aho rushongeshejwe kandi bugatuza iyo rushongeshejwe. Ubushobozi bwo kugarura urumuri bugabanuka uko inguni y'urumuri igenda yiyongera; ubushobozi bwo kugarura urumuri bwinshi bubaho iyo rusanzwe (hindura uburyo bwo kurinda lenzi). Gabanya ubushobozi bwo kugarura urumuri ukuraho okiside ukoresheje isuku ya mekanike/imiti.
13. Gukoresha neza gaze yo kurinda
Imyuka yo kurinda bigira ingaruka ku miterere y'imyobo, kwinjira no ku bugari bw'imyobo. Imyuka myinshi yongera ubuziranenge ariko ishobora kugira ingaruka mbi:
Ar: Ingufu nke za ionization, plasma nyinshi (igabanya imikorere ya laser) ariko idakora, ihendutse, kandi ikungahaye—itwikira neza ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe (ni byiza gukoreshwa muri rusange).
N₂: Ingufu ziciriritse za ionization (zigabanya plasma kurusha Ar), ariko zigakorana n'icyuma cya aluminiyumu/karuboni kugira ngo zikore nitrides zicika intege, bigabanye ubukana (ntibyemewe kuri ibi bikoresho). Bikwiriye icyuma kitagira umugese, aho nitrides zongerera imbaraga.
14. Igipimo cy'umuvuduko wa gaze mu kurinda
Gazi isohoka mu muyoboro ku gitutu cyihariye. Imiterere y'umuyoboro w'amazi n'umurambararo w'aho usohoka ni ingenzi cyane: ni nini bihagije kugira ngo ipfuke umuyoboro, ariko igenzurwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko amazi atemba cyane (akurura umwuka kandi agatera imyenge). Ku bijyanye no gusudira hakoreshejwe laser, umuvuduko usanzwe w'amazi ni 7L/min. Umuvuduko mwinshi w'amazi utera imyanda mu kidendezi cyashongeshejwe, bigatuma umwuka utagira inenge—hitamo umuvuduko ukwiye w'amazi.
15. Aho ushyira imbaraga muri laser
Aho kwibanda: Ahantu hato cyane, ingufu nyinshi cyane—gukoreshwagusudira ahantu hatandukanyecyangwa ingufu nke, ibisabwa bike by'ubunini bw'ahantu (reba Ishusho ya 8-8).
Kugabanya imiterere y'ikintu: Ahantu hanini (hagenda hiyongera uko intera iri hagati y'aho umuntu aherereye)—hakwiriye gukoreshwa mu gusudira mu buryo bwimbitse no gusudira mu buryo bwimbitse.
Gukuraho imiterere myiza: Ahantu hanini (hagenda hiyongera uko intera iri hagati y’aho ugeze)—bikwiriye gufunga ubuso cyangwa gusudira bidatinze.
Kugenzura uburyo bwo gusudira byuzuye: Ihinduka rito ry'ibara inyuma rigaragaza ubuziranenge bwiza; ibimenyetso bigaragara/kwinjira bitera imiyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro miremire mu gusudira bidasibangana. Hindura icyerekezo, ingufu, n'imiterere y'umuraba ushingiye ku bipimo. Koresha utudomo duto ku bikoresho bito kugira ngo wirinde gushya.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-21-2025
