Amasomo y'ibanze yo gukata laser n'uburyo bwo kuyitunganya —Ibikoresho byo Gukata bya Laser

II. Imiterere y'ibikoresho byo gukata hakoreshejwe laser

2.1 Ibice n'amahame y'imikorere y'imashini ikata laser

Imashini ikata laser igizwe n'icyuma gikata laser, umutwe wo gukata, ihuriro ry'ibikoresho byo kohereza imirasire, imbonerahamwe y'ibikoresho by'imashini, sisitemu yo kugenzura imibare (NC), mudasobwa (ibikoresho na porogaramu), icyuma gikonjesha, silindari ya gaze yo kurinda, ikusanya umukungugu, n'icyuma cyumisha umwuka.

Jenereta ya Laser

Imashini zikoresha laser ni igikoresho gitanga urumuri rwa laser. Ku bijyanye no gukata laser, imashini nyinshi zikoresha laser za CO₂ gas zifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura amashanyarazi n'ingufu nyinshi, usibye igihe gito aho laser za YAG solid-state zikoreshwa. Si laser zose zikwiriye gukata, kuko gukata laser bishyiraho ibisabwa bikomeye ku bwiza bw'imirasire.
Gukata Umutwe

Igizwe ahanini n'ibice nka nozzle, lens yo gucengera, na sisitemu yo gukurikirana ibintu.

Igikoresho cyo gukata umutwe gikoreshwa mu kuyobora umutwe ukata kugira ngo ugende ku murongo wa Z hakurikijwe porogaramu zashyizweho. Kigizwe na moteri ya servo n'ibice byo kohereza nk'ibikururu cyangwa ibikoresho by'icyuma.

(1) Ifuru: Hari ubwoko butatu bw'ingenzi bw'ifuru: ubwoko bungana, ubwoko buhuza, n'ubwoko bw'impande.

(2) Indorerwamo y'ijisho: Kugira ngo ikore ikoreshwa mu gukata hakoreshejwe ingufu za laser, umuraba w'umwimerere usohoka na laser ugomba kuba wibanda ku ijisho kugira ngo habeho ahantu hafite urumuri rufite imbaraga nyinshi. Indorerwamo z'ijisho ziciriritse n'ndende zikwiriye gukata plaque nini kandi zifite ibisabwa bike kugira ngo intera ikomeze kuba hagati y'imashini zikurikirana. Indorerwamo ngufi zigomba gukoreshwa mu gukata plaque ntoya ziri munsi ya mm 3; zifite ibisabwa cyane kugira ngo intera ikomeze kuba hagati y'imashini zikurikirana ariko zishobora kugabanya cyane imbaraga zisabwa zo gusohora laser.

(3) Sisitemu yo Gukurikirana: Sisitemu yo gukurikirana icyerekezo cy'imashini ikata laser muri rusange igizwe n'umutwe ukata wibanda ku gice kimwe n'isitemu yo gukurikirana. Umutwe ukata uhuza imirimo yo kuyobora no gushimangira, gukonjesha amazi, guhumeka gaze, no guhindura imikorere y'imashini.

Iyi sensor igizwe n'ibintu byo kumva n'igice cyo kugenzura amplification. Sisitemu zo gukurikirana ziratandukanye burundu bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibintu byo kumva. Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi buhari: bumwe ni sisitemu yo gukurikirana sensor capacitive, izwi kandi nka sisitemu yo gukurikirana idakora; ubundi ni sisitemu yo gukurikirana sensor inductive, izwi kandi nka sisitemu yo gukurikirana contact.
Iteraniro ry'ihererekanya ry'imirasire

Inzira y'Inyuma y'Itara: Indorerwamo zigarura urumuri zikoreshwa mu kuyobora umuyoboro wa laser mu cyerekezo wifuza. Kugira ngo hirindwe imikorere mibi mu nzira y'umuyoboro, indorerwamo zose zigarura urumuri zirinzwe n'ibikoresho, kandi hashyirwaho umwuka mwiza wo kurinda indorerwamo kugira ngo zitanduzwa n'umwanda. Indorerwamo ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru ishobora gushyira umuyoboro udahinduka ahantu hato cyane. Indorerwamo ifite uburebure bwa santimetero 5.0 ikunze gukoreshwa, mu gihe indorerwamo ya santimetero 7.5 ikoreshwa gusa ku bikoresho byo gukata bifite ubunini burenze mm 12.
Imbonerahamwe yo gukoreraho ibikoresho by'imashini

Igice cy'imashini nkuru: Igice cy'ibikoresho by'imashini cyoimashini ikata hakoreshejwe laserni igice cya mekanike gikora ingendo z'imirongo ya X, Y, na Z, harimo n'urutonde rw'imirimo yo gukata.
Sisitemu yo Kugenzura Imibare

Sisitemu ya NC igenzura igikoresho cya mashini kugira ngo igere ku ngendo za X, Y, Z-axis kandi igenzure imbaraga za laser icyarimwe.
Sisitemu yo gukonjesha

Igikoresho cyo gukonjesha: Gikoreshwa mu gukonjesha icyuma gitanga umuriro cya laser. Laser ni igikoresho gihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi mo ingufu z'urumuri. Urugero, ubushobozi bwo guhindura amashanyarazi bwa laser ya CO₂ gas muri rusange ni 20%, ingufu zisigaye zigahinduka ubushyuhe. Amazi akonjesha akuraho ubushyuhe burenze urugero kugira ngo icyuma gitanga umuriro cya laser kigumane imikorere isanzwe. Igikoresho cyo gukonjesha kandi gikonjesha indorerwamo z'inzira y'inyuma y'urumuri n'amabara y'imashini, bigatuma habaho ubwiza buhamye bwo kohereza urumuri kandi bikarinda neza guhindagurika cyangwa gucika kw'amabara bitewe no gushyuha cyane.
Silindari za Gazi

Silinda za gazi zirimo silinda ziciriritse zikora n'izifasha mu gukata imashini ikoresha laser, zikoreshwa mu kongera imyuka yo mu nganda mu gukata laser no gutanga imyuka y'inyongera ku mutwe ukata.
Sisitemu yo Gukuraho Ivumbi

Ikuramo umwotsi n'umukungugu biva mu gutunganya no kuyungurura kugira ngo imyuka ihumanya ihuze n'ibipimo ngenderwaho byo kurengera ibidukikije.
Akamashini kongerera umwuka ubukonje n'akayunguruzo

Itanga umwuka mwiza kandi wumye kuri moteri ya laser n'inzira y'imirasire, ikomeza imikorere isanzwe y'inzira y'imirasire n'indorerwamo zigarura urumuri.

2.2 Gukata Itara ryo Gukata Rikoresheje Laser

Ishusho y'imiterere y'urumuri rukata rukoreshwa mu gukata hakoreshejwe laser igaragara hepfo. Igizwe ahanini n'umubiri w'urumuri, lensi iyobora, indorerwamo igarura urumuri, n'umunwa w'umwuka w'inyongera. Mu gihe cyo gukata hakoreshejwe laser, urumuri rukata rugomba kuba rwujuje ibi bikurikira:

① Itoroshi ishobora gusohora umwuka uhagije.

② Icyerekezo cyo gusohora kwa gaze imbere mu itara kigomba kuba gifatanye n'umurongo w'urumuri w'indorerwamo igarura urumuri.

③ Uburebure bw'ibanze bw'urumuri bushobora guhindurwa byoroshye.

④ Mu gihe cyo gukata, umwuka w'icyuma n'ibisigazwa by'icyuma byaciwe ntibigomba kwangiza indorerwamo igarura urumuri.

Uburyo itara rikata rigenda bugenzurwa na sisitemu yo kugenda ya NC. Hari ibintu bitatu bigaragaza uburyo itara rikata rigenda hagati y’aho rikata n’aho rikorera:

① Itara riguma rihagaze mu gihe igikoresho cyo gukora kigenda kinyura ku meza yo gukoraho — cyane cyane kibereye ibikoresho bito.

② Igikoresho cyo gukora gikomeza guhagarara mu gihe itara rigenda.

③ Itoroshi n'ameza yo gukoreraho byombi bizenguruka icyarimwe.

2.2.1 Gukata umutwe

Umutwe wo gukata hakoreshejwe laser uherereye ku mpera ya sisitemu yo kohereza urumuri, ugizwe n'indorerwamo y'icyerekezo n'umunwa wo gukata.

Indorerwamo zo kwibandaho zishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe uburebure bw'inyuma. Ibikoresho byinshi byo gukata hakoreshejwe laser bifite imitwe myinshi yo gukata ifite uburebure butandukanye bw'inyuma. Dufashe urugero rwo gukata hakoreshejwe laser ya CO₂, uburebure busanzwe bw'inyuma ni mm 127 (5 in) na mm 190 (7.5 in). Indorerwamo ngufi y'inyuma itanga ahantu hato ho kwibandaho n'ubujyakuzimu bugufi bw'inyuma, ibyo bikaba byorohereza kugabanya ubugari bw'ikirenge no kugera ku ndunduro nto. Indorerwamo ngufi y'inyuma itanga ahantu hanini ho kwibandaho n'ubujyakuzimu burebure bw'inyuma. Ugereranyije n'indorerwamo ngufi, indorerwamo ngufi z'inyuma zishobora gutanga urumuri rufite ubucucike bw'ingufu za laser buhagije bwo gutunganya ibikoresho hafi y'aho kwibandaho. Kubwibyo, indorerwamo ngufi z'inyuma zikoreshwa cyane mu gukata neza amasahani magufi, mu gihe indorerwamo ngufi z'inyuma zikenewe kugira ngo ibikoresho binini bibone ubujyakuzimu bukwiye bw'inyuma, bigatuma habaho ihinduka rito ry'umurambararo w'aho n'ubucucike buhagije mu rwego rwo gukata.

Indorerwamo zo kwibandaho zikoreshwa mu gushyira urumuri rw’imirasire ya laser mu gice cyo gucamo, bigatuma uburebure bw’urumuri ruba buke kandi rufite imbaraga nyinshi. Indorerwamo zikozwe mu bikoresho bishobora kohereza uburebure bw’imirasire ya laser. Ikirahure cy’urumuri gikunze gukoreshwa kuri laser za solid-state, mu gihe ibikoresho nka ZnSe, GaAs, na Ge bikoreshwa kuri laser za gaz za CO₂ (kubera ko ikirahure gisanzwe kidatuma urumuri rugera ku mirasire ya laser ya CO₂), muri byo ZnSe niyo ikoreshwa cyane.

Ku bijyanye no gukata hakoreshejwe laser, ni byiza kugabanya umurambararo w'ahantu hagaragara kugira ngo wongere ubucucike bw'ingufu kandi ushobore gukata vuba cyane. Ariko, uburebure bugufi bw'aho hagaragara hakoreshejwe lens butuma uburebure bw'aho hagaragara buba buke, bigatuma bigorana kugera ku buso bugororotse mu gihe cyo gukata amasahani manini. Byongeye kandi, uburebure bugufi bw'aho hagaragara bugabanya intera iri hagati y'aho hagaragara n'aho hakorerwa, byongera ibyago byo kwanduzwa n'amasasu yashongeshejwe mu gihe cyo gukata kandi bigagira ingaruka ku mikorere isanzwe. Kubwibyo, uburebure bukwiye bw'aho hagaragara bugomba kugenwa neza hashingiwe ku bintu nk'ubugari bw'aho hagaragara n'ibisabwa ku bwiza bw'aho hagaragara.

2.2.2 Indorerwamo Igarura Isura

Akamaro k'indorerwamo igarura urumuri ni uguhindura icyerekezo cy'umurabyo usohoka muri laser. Ku mirasire iva muri laser ya state solid-state, indorerwamo zigarura urumuri zikozwe mu kirahuri cy'urumuri zishobora gukoreshwa. Mu buryo bunyuranye, indorerwamo zigarura urumuri mu bikoresho byo gukata laser ya CO₂ gas akenshi zikorwa mu muringa cyangwa mu byuma bifite ubushobozi bwo kugarura urumuri rwinshi. Kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika guterwa no gushyuha gukabije guterwa n'imirasire ya laser mu gihe cyo gukora, indorerwamo zigarura urumuri zikunze gukonjeshwa n'amazi.

2.2.3 Akazuru

Umuyoboro ukoreshwa mu gutera umwuka w’inyongera mu gace ko gukata, kandi imiterere yawo igira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza no ku bwiza bwo gukata. Ishusho ya 4.11 igaragaza imiterere isanzwe y’umuyoboro wo gukata hakoreshejwe laser; imiterere y’umuyoboro irimo ubwoko bw’umuzenguruko, imiterere y’umuyoboro, n’imiterere y’umuyoboro.

Guhitamo umuyoboro muri rusange bigenwa binyuze mu bizamini bishingiye ku bikoresho n'ubugari bw'igikoresho, hamwe n'umuvuduko wa gaze y'inyongera. Gukata hakoreshejwe laser akenshi bikoresha imiyoboro ya coaxial (aho umuvuduko wa gaze uba uhuza n'umurongo w'urumuri). Niba umuvuduko wa gaze n'umuyoboro wa laser bitahuza, bishobora kubaho gusuka cyane mu gihe cyo gukata. Urukuta rw'imbere rw'umuyoboro rugomba kuba rworoshye kugira ngo gazi itembera neza kandi hirindwe ubwiza bw'umuyoboro. Kugira ngo habeho guhagarara neza mu gukata, intera iri hagati y'uruhande rw'umuyoboro n'ubuso bw'igikoresho igomba kugabanuka, ubusanzwe ikaba iri hagati ya mm 0.5 na mm 2.0. Umurambararo w'umuyoboro ugomba gutuma umuyoboro wa laser unyura neza, bikabuza umuyoboro gukora ku rukuta rw'imbere rw'umuyoboro. Uko umurambararo w'umuyoboro uba muto, niko bigorana cyane kuwuhuza. Ku muvuduko w'umuyoboro w'inyongera, hari urwego rwiza rw'umurambararo w'umuyoboro w'inyongera. Umuyoboro muto cyane cyangwa munini cyane uzabangamira gukuraho ibicuruzwa byashongeshejwe mu muyoboro kandi bigira ingaruka ku muvuduko wo gukata.

Ingaruka z'umurambararo w'umuyoboro w'amazi ku muvuduko wo gukata hakoreshejwe imbaraga za laser zidahinduka n'umuvuduko wa gaze y'inyongera zigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 4.12 na 4.13. Bigaragara ko hari umurambararo mwiza w'umuyoboro w'amazi ugera ku muvuduko ntarengwa wo gukata. Iki giciro cyiza ni hafi mm 1.5 hatitawe ku kuba ogisijeni cyangwa argon ari byo bikoreshwa nk'umwuka w'inyongera.

Ibizamini byakozwe ku gukata ibyuma bikomeye bya elezeri (bigoye gukata) bigaragaza ko umurambararo mwiza w'umuyoboro w'amazi uri hafi cyane y'ibyavuzwe haruguru, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4.14. Umurambararo w'umuyoboro w'amazi unagira ingaruka ku bugari bw'umuyoboro n'ubugari bw'agace kagize ingaruka ku bushyuhe (HAZ). Nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4.15, uko umurambararo w'umuyoboro w'amazi wiyongera, ubugari bw'umuyoboro bw'amazi buriyongera mu gihe ubugari bwa HAZ bugabanuka. Impamvu nyamukuru yo kugabanuka kwa HAZ ni ingaruka zo gukonjesha z'umwuka w'inyongera ku bikoresho by'ibanze mu gace kagenewe gukata.

2.3 Ibipimo by'ibikoresho byo gukata laser

2.3.1 Ibikoresho byo gukata bikoresha itara

Mu bikoresho byo gukata bikoresha itoroshi, itoroshi ikata ishyirwa ku gantry yimukanwa kandi ikagenda itambitse ku gantry beam (Y-axis). Gantry iyobora itoroshi kugenda ku gantry X, mu gihe igikoresho cyo gukora gishyizwe ku meza yo gukoraho. Kubera ko laser n'itoroshi yo gukata bishyizwe ukwabyo, imiterere yo kohereza laser, parallelism ku cyerekezo cyo gushakisha imirabyo, hamwe no kudahungabana kw'indorerwamo zigarura urumuri byose bigira ingaruka mu gihe cyo gukata.

Ibikoresho byo gukata bikoresha itara bishobora gutunganya ibikoresho binini. Bifata ubuso buto bw'ubutaka ku gice cyo gukata kandi bishobora guhuzwa byoroshye n'ibindi bikoresho kugira ngo bikore umurongo wo kubitunganya. Ariko, uburyo bishyirwamo ni ± 0.04 mm gusa.

Imiterere isanzwe y'ibikoresho byo gukata bikoresha itoroshi igaragara ku Ishusho ya 4.19. Imashini ikata ikoresheje laser ya CO₂ ihora ikora ikoreshwa, intera iri hagati ya laser na roshi igera kuri metero 18. Kugira ngo hamenyekane ko impinduka mu murambararo w'urumuri kuri iyi ntera yo kohereza ibintu itabangamira ibikorwa byo gukata, imvange y'indorerwamo zikoresha oscillator igomba gutegurwa neza.

Ibipimo by'ingenzi bya tekiniki by'ibikoresho byo gukata bikoresha itara ni ibi bikurikira:

Ingufu zo Gusohora Lazeri: 1.5 kW (uburyo bumwe), 3 kW (uburyo bwinshi)
Igitutu cy'urumuri: X-axis 6.2 m, Y-axis 2.6 m
Umuvuduko wo gutwara: 0–10 m/minota (ushobora guhindurwa)
Itara rizenguruka mu kirere rya Z-axis Stroke: 150 mm
Umuvuduko wo guhindura urumuri rwa Z-axis: 300 mm/minota
Ingano ntarengwa y'icyuma cyatunganyijwe: 12 mm × 2400 mm × 6000 mm
Sisitemu yo Kugenzura: Uburyo bwo Kugenzura bwa NC Buhuriweho

2.3.2 Ibikoresho byo gukata bicungwa n'ameza bya XY

Mu bikoresho byo gukata bicungwa na XY, itoroshi yo gukata ishyirwa ku gitereko, kandi igikoresho gishyirwa ku meza yo gukata. Ameza yo gukata agenda ku migozi ya X na Y hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya NC, hamwe n'umuvuduko wo gutwara ushobora guhinduka hagati ya 0-1 m/min cyangwa 0-5 m/min. Kubera ko itoroshi yo gukata iguma ihagaze ugereranije n'igikoresho cyo gukata, bigabanya ingaruka ku miterere y'imirasire ya laser no hagati mu gihe cyo gukata, bigatuma imikorere yo gukata iba imwe kandi ihamye. Iyo ifite ameza mato yo gukata afite ubuhanga bwo hejuru mu byuma, imashini igera ku buryo bwo gushyiramo uburebure bwa ± 0.01 mm nauburyo bwo gukata neza cyane, bigatuma ikwiriye cyane cyane mu gukata neza ibice bito. Byongeye kandi, hari ameza manini yo gukata afite umurongo wa X wa mm 2300–2400 na Y wa mm 1200–1300 akoreshwa mu gutunganya ibikoresho binini.

Ibipimo by'ingenzi bya tekiniki by'ibikoresho byo gukata ameza bya XY ni ibi bikurikira:

Inkomoko ya Laser: Laser ya CO₂ gas (ubwoko bwa semi-closed straight-tube)
Ingufu za Laser: Voltage yinjiye 200 VAC; Voltage yinjiye 0–30 kV; Umuvuduko ntarengwa w'amashanyarazi 100 mA
Ingufu zo Gusohora Lazeri: 550 W
Igipimo cyo gukata ameza: X-axis 2300 mm, Y-axis 1300 mm
Umuvuduko wo Guterura Ameza yo Gukata (Ushobora guhindurwa mu ntambwe): 0.4–5.0 m/umunota, 0.2–2.5 m/umunota, 0.1–1.3 m/umunota, 0.05–0.6 m/umunota
Itara rizenguruka mu kirere rya Z-axis Stroke: 180 mm
Ingano ntarengwa y'isahani yatunganyijwe: 6 mm × 1300 mm × 2300 mm
Sisitemu yo Kugenzura: Uburyo bwo Kugenzura Imibare (NC)

2.3.3 Ibikoresho byo gukata bifite imiyoboro ibiri (Urumuri n'ameza)

Ibikoresho byo gukata bifite imiyoboro ibiri (urumuri n'ameza) biherereye hagati y'imashini zikata ziyobowe n'urumuri n'izikoresha ameza ya XY mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga. Urumuri ruca rushyirwa ku gantry kandi rugenda mu buryo butambitse ku murambararo w'agantry (Y-axis), mu gihe ameza acukura ayoborwa mu buryo burambuye. Ubu buryo buvanze buhuza ibyiza byo gukata neza no kuzigama umwanya. Hamwe n'uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibintu neza bwa ± 0.01 mm n'umuvuduko wo gukata ushobora guhinduka wa 0–20 m/min, ni imwe mu mashini zikata zikoreshwa cyane ku isoko. Imashini nini z'iyi mashini zitanga umuvuduko wa Y wa 2000 mm n'umuvuduko wa X wa 6000 mm, bigatuma hakorwa imirimo minini.

Imashini ikoresha laser ishyirwa ku gantry iruhande rw'urumuri rwo gukata. Iyi miterere itanga ubuziranenge budasanzwe mu gukata imyobo izengurutse. Iyi mashini kandi ifite umusaruro mwiza cyane: ishobora gukata imyobo 46 izengurutse (mm 10 z'umurambararo) ku munota ku isahani y'icyuma ifite ubugari bwa mm 1.

2.3.4 Ibikoresho byo Gukata Bihujwe

Muimashini ikata hamwe, isoko ya laser ishyirwa ku gitereko ikagendana nacyo mu buryo burambuye, mu gihe itoroshi ikata ihuzwa n'uburyo bwayo bwo kuyiyobora kugira ngo igende itambitse ku murambararo w'igitereko. Imashini ikoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura imibare kugira ngo ikate ibice bitandukanye bifite ishusho. Kugira ngo ihuze ihindagurika ry'uburebure bw'inzira y'urumuri riterwa n'ingendo itambitse y'urumuri rukata, module yo guhindura uburebure bw'inzira y'urumuri ikunze gushyirwamo. Iyi module igenzura ko umurambararo wa laser uhuye mu gace gakata kandi igakomeza kugira ubwiza buhamye bw'ubuso bwo gukata.

Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 17-2025

Amasomo y'ibanze yo gukata laser n'uburyo bwo kuyitunganya — Ibikoresho byo gukata laser