Gushakisha imashini zicana hakoreshejwe laser: "Igikoresho cy'ubumaji" mu ishami ryo gukata

GushakishaImashini zicana hakoreshejwe laser: "Igikoresho cy'Ubumaji" mu Bucuruzi bw'Amashanyarazi

I. Ishingiro ry'inyigisho zo gukora laser

Inkomoko y’ikoranabuhanga ryo gukata laser mu buryo bw’imitekerereze ishobora gukururwa n’inyigisho yo gukurura imyuka yatanzwe na Albert Einstein mu 1916. Iyi nyigisho ivuga ko muri atome zigize ibintu, umubare utandukanye w’uduce (electron) ukwirakwizwa ku rwego rw’ingufu zitandukanye. Iyo uduce turi ku rwego rw’ingufu nyinshi dushyushye na fotoni runaka, tuva ku rwego rw’ingufu nyinshi tujya ku rundi rwo hasi, tugatanga urumuri rw’imiterere imwe n’urumuri rutera imbaraga. Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, urumuri rudakomeye rushobora gutera imbaraga urumuri rukomeye.—ikintu kizwi nka Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, cyangwa laser mu magambo ahinnye.

Lazeri ifite imiterere ine y'ingenzi: urumuri rwinshi, icyerekezo cyo hejuru, imiterere imwe y'urumuri, n'ubucucike bwinshi. Ku bijyanye n'urumuri rwinshi, urumuri rwa lazeri zo mu rwego rwo hejuru rushobora kugera kuri 10¹¹Ubuso/cm²·Iyo urumuri rwa laser rufite urumuri rwinshi rushyizwe ku murongo w’ikirahure, rutanga ubushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi ibihumbi kugeza ku bihumbi mirongo hafi y’aho ibintu biherereye, bigatuma ibikoresho hafi ya byose bitunganywa. Icyerekezo cyo hejuru gituma laser ikora intera ndende neza mu gihe igumana imbaraga nyinshi cyane iyo ishyizwe ku murongo.—Ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi mu gutunganya laser. Ubushobozi bwo gukoresha monokromatici butuma urumuri rushobora kwibanda neza kugira ngo rugere ku bucucike budasanzwe bw'ingufu. Ubushobozi bwo gukoresha cyane cyane busobanura isano iri hagati y'ibice bitandukanye by'urumuri.

Hashingiwe kuri iyi miterere idasanzwe, lasers zakoreshejwe cyane mu gutunganya inganda no mu zindi nzego nyinshi, byatumye habaho kuvumbura imashini ikata lasers—igikoresho gikoresha ingufu z'ubushyuhe bw'umuraba wa laser kugira ngo gikore icyuma gikata.

II. Amahame yihariye yo guca

Imashini ikata ibikoresho hakoreshejwe umuyoboro wa laser. Ishyushya ibikoresho kugeza hejuru y’aho bishongesherezwa cyangwa aho bishongesherezwa binyuze mu muyoboro wa laser ufite ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo igere ku gukata. Iyi nzira ikubiyemo intambwe zikurikira:

Ikorwa ry'imirasire ya laser hakoreshejwe generator ya laser. Igenerator ya laser ikora imirasire ya laser ifite ingufu nyinshi kandi yiganjemo cyane. Ubwoko busanzwe bwa laser burimo CO2₂laser, fiber laser, na solid-state lasers.

Ubuyobozi n'icyerekezo by'imirasire ya laser Ibice by'urumuri nk'amatara cyangwa indorerwamo bigenzura inzira y'imirasire, bikayiyobora kandi bikayishyira ahantu hato kugira ngo ingufu zihuze mu gace gato.

Uburyo ingufu za laser zinjira mu bikoresho Iyo umurabyo wa laser urimo urabagirana ku buso bw'ibikoresho, ibikoresho binjira mu bushobozi bwa laser. Igipimo cyo kwinjiza ibintu kiratandukanye bitewe n'ibikoresho; ibyuma bimwe na bimwe bifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza cyane muri laser.

Gushyushya, gushonga, cyangwa gushyushya ibikoresho Ubucucike bwinshi bw'ingufu za laser bushyushya vuba ibikoresho kugeza ku bushyuhe bwabyo bwo gushonga cyangwa gushyushya. Kubera ko gushonga cyangwa gushyushya bitwara ubushyuhe bwinshi, gukata biragerwaho.

Gutera umwuka w’inyongera Mu gihe cyo gukata, imyuka y’inyongera (azote, ogisijeni, imyuka idafite umwuka, nibindi) ikunze kunyuzwa mu munwa. Iyi myuka irinda agace ko gukata, igakurura ibintu byashongeshejwe, kandi igafasha kongera umuvuduko wo gukata.

Sisitemu yo kugenzura imikorere y'imashini zikata hakoreshejwe lazeri zifite sisitemu yo kugenzura imikorere y'imashini zikata ku nzira yagenwe ku buso bw'ibikoresho. Mu kugenzura porogaramu ya mudasobwa, imiterere igoye ishobora gucibwa neza.

Uburyo Busanzwe bwo Gukata hakoreshejwe Laser

Gukata ubushyuhe bwa laserIbintu bihinduka ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo gukata. Umuringoti wa laser ufite ingufu nyinshi ushyushya igikoresho kugeza igihe kibira mu gihe gito cyane, bigatuma habaho umwuka usohoka vuba kugira ngo ukore kerf. Ubu buryo busaba imbaraga nyinshi n'ubucucike bw'ingufu, kandi bukoreshwa cyane cyane ku byuma bito cyane n'ibitari ibyuma nk'impapuro, imyenda, ibiti, pulasitiki, na rabha.

Guca ibintu hakoreshejwe laser. Laser ishyushya icyuma kugeza gishongeshejwe, hanyuma imyuka idahumanya (Ar, He, N).₂, nibindi) hamwe n'umuyoboro uhuha icyuma gitemba amazi munsi y'umuvuduko mwinshi kugira ngo gikore kerf. Kubera ko gushyushya burundu bidakenewe, ikoreshwa ry'ingufu ni hafi 10% by'ingufu zicibwa. Ikwiriye ibyuma bidapfa kwiyangiza cyangwa bidashobora kwiyangiza birimo icyuma kidapfa kwiyangiza, titaniyumu, aluminiyumu, n'ibindi bikoresho byabyo.

Gukata ogisijeni hakoreshejwe laser (gukata ogisijeni mu buryo bwa ogisijeni) Kimwe no gukata ogisijeni-asetilini, laser ikora nk'isoko yo gushyushya mu gihe ogisijeni cyangwa indi myuka ikora nk'ibikoresho byo gukata. Iyo gaze ikorana na ogisijeni mu buryo bwa ogisijeni n'icyuma, ikarekura ubushyuhe bwinshi, hanyuma igakurura ogisijeni ishongeshejwe igakora kerf. Kubera uburyo ogisijeni ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa exothermic, ingufu zisabwa ni 50% gusa by'uburyo bwo gukata ogisijeni, hamwe n'umuvuduko mwinshi cyane. Ikoreshwa cyane mu byuma bishobora ogisijeni nka carbon steel, titanium steel, n'ibyuma bishyushye.

III. Ibyiza bitangaje by'imashini zica imashini zikoresha laser

1. Uburyo bwo gucana neza cyane

Kubera ko ari ahantu hato kandi hakoresha ingufu nyinshi kandi hihuta cyane, ibyuma bikata laser bitanga ubuziranenge budasanzwe. Inzira ni nto, ifite inkuta zo ku ruhande zigororotse kandi zigororotse, bituma habaho ubuziranenge buhanitse. Ubuso buciwe buraryoshye kandi bushishikaje, bufite ubuso bungana na mikorometero nke gusa. Kenshi na kenshi, guca laser ni inzira ya nyuma, hamwe n'ibice byiteguye gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye nta yandi mamashini akoreshwa.

Agace gafite ingaruka ku bushyuhe (HAZ) ni gato cyane, karinda imiterere y'ibikoresho bya mbere bikikije kerf kandi kagabanya ubushyuhe. Igice cya kerf ni hafi nk'urukiramende rusanzwe. Ubu buryo ni ingenzi mu nganda z'ikoranabuhanga mu gutunganya ibice by'icyuma/pulasitiki, imiyoboro, n'imbaho ​​z'amashanyarazi.

2. Gukoresha neza cyane mu gutunganya

Gukata laser birakora neza cyane bitewe n’imiterere y’uburyo bwo kohereza laser. Imashini nyinshi zikoresha sisitemu zo kugenzura CNC, zigatuma ikoranabuhanga ryikora ryuzuye. Abakoresha bagomba gusa guhindura porogaramu za CNC kugira ngo zihuze n’imiterere y’ibice bitandukanye, bigashyigikira gukata 2D na 3D. Mu nganda nini zikora, ibyuma byinshi bya CNC bishobora gutunganya ibice byinshi icyarimwe. Guhindura porogaramu byihuse ku byiciro bitandukanye n’imiterere bikuraho impinduka zikomeye z’ibikoresho no kubihindura, binongera cyane imikorere myiza yo gukora ibintu byinshi.

3. Umuvuduko wo Gukata Wihuta

Gukata hakoreshejwe laser byihuta cyane kurusha uburyo busanzwe nko gukata plasma, cyane cyane ku mpapuro nto. Urugero, zimwe mu nganda zikata laser zikora ku muvuduko uri hejuru ya 300% kurusha izikata plasma. Kubera ko gufunga bidakenewe, ikiguzi cyo gushyiramo ibikoresho n'igihe cyo gupakira/gusohora ibikoresho birazigamwa, bikongera ubushobozi bwo gukora muri rusange. Mu nganda zikora imodoka,imashini zikata fibre laser zifite imbaraga nyinshiishobora kongera imikorere ku gipimo cya gatanu ku byuma bikomeye cyane, ikagabanya imikorere no kongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana ku isoko.

4. Gutunganya ibintu bidakoresheje uburyo bwo guhuza abantu

Gukata hakoreshejwe laser ntibikora ku kintu, bityo umutwe ukata ntukora ku kintu ukoraho. Ibi bikuraho kwangirika kw'igikoresho; nta guhindura utuzu dukenewe ku bice bitandukanye—gusa impinduka z’ibipimo. Iyi nzira ituma urusaku rugabanuka, gutigita guke, kandi nta mwanda uhumanya, bigatuma ahantu ho gukorera harushaho kuba heza kandi hatabangamira ibidukikije. Ku bikoresho byoroshye cyangwa ibice bifite ubuhanga buhanitse, gukata bidahuye birinda kwangirika no guhinduka kw'ubuso, bigatuma umusaruro uba mwiza kandi utanga umusaruro.

5. Guhuza ibikoresho byagutse

Abakata laser batunganya ibikoresho bitandukanye: ibyuma, ibitari ibyuma, ibintu bivanze, uruhu, imbaho, n'ibindi. Uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu butandukana bitewe n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe n'uburyo laser ifata:

Icyuma kidashonga, icyuma cya karuboni, nibindi, bicibwa neza binyuze mu gukata ibintu bishongeshejwe cyangwa gukata umwuka wa ogisijeni.

Ibitari ibyuma nka pulasitiki n'ibiti ni byiza cyane mu gukata ubushyuhe.

Ibirungo bishobora kandi gucibwa neza bitewe n'imiterere yabyo.

Ubu buryo butandukanye butuma ibikoresho byo gukata laser ari ingenzi cyane mu nganda zikora.

6. Gukoresha byoroshye

Imashini zigezweho zo gukata laserikoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura imibare ya mudasobwa no kuyikoresha kure. Nyuma yo kwinjiza ibishushanyo mbonera byo gukata, imashini ikora mu buryo bwikora hakoreshejwe uburyo bworoshye bwo gukanda, bigabanyiriza ikiguzi cy'abakozi. Uburyo bwinshi burimo gupakira/gupakurura mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo bigabanye uburyo bwo gukoresha intoki. Ndetse no mu mahugurwa mato, abakoresha bashobora kumenya neza uburyo nyuma y'amahugurwa magufi, umuntu umwe akabasha gukurikirana imashini nyinshi icyarimwe.

7. Ibiciro biri hasi byo gukoresha no kubungabunga

Udukoresho two gukata imirasire y'izuba dufite amafaranga make yo gukoresha no kubungabunga. Igihe gito cyo kubungabunga gitanga umwanya munini wo gukora, kunoza umusaruro n'inyungu z'ubukungu.—by’umwihariko bifitiye akamaro ibigo bito n’ibiciriritse. Nubwo ishoramari rikorwa mbere na mbere, imikorere myiza igabanya ikiguzi cyo gutunganya buri gikoresho mu musaruro mwinshi, ikongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibiciro muri rusange no gushyigikira iterambere rirambye.

IV. Imiterere y'ingenzi y'imashini zica imashini zikoresha laser

1. Imiterere y'Urupapuro rw'ingenzi

Icyumba cyo kwakira abashyitsi kigizwe n'igitanda n'ameza yo gukoreraho.

Igitanda gifunguye: Imiterere yoroshye, yoroshye gupakira/gupakurura ibikoresho byo gukoreraho, ikwiriye ibice bito cyangwa imiterere mito.

Igitanda gifunze: Gikomeye cyane, gikoreshwa cyane mu byuma binini bikata laser kugira ngo bihangane n'imbaraga zo gukata no kwemeza ko gihamye kandi kidahinduka.

Ameza yo gukoreraho ashyigikira igikoresho, ubusanzwe akoresha imigozi myinshi cyangwa udupira twinshi kugira ngo ashyigikire. Ibikoresho byo gushyira ku ruhande no gufunga bitanga uburyo bwo gutondeka neza no gukomera mu gihe cyo gukata, bikagaragaza ubuziranenge bw'ibice byo gutema.

2. Sisitemu y'amashanyarazi

Sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ikoresha moteri z'amashanyarazi nk'isoko y'amashanyarazi, igahindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi mo ingufu za mekanike. Umugozi usohoka uhuza n'ibice by'itumanaho nk'ibikoresho, imikandara, cyangwa iminyururu, ugatanga imbaraga zo gutwara ibice bigenda kandi ugatuma habaho kugenda kugenzurwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu gikorwa.

3. Sisitemu yo kohereza ubutumwa

Imashini zikata laser za CNC ubusanzwe zikoresha sisitemu yo kugenzura igice cy’umugozi kugira ngo yuzuze ibisabwa mu gushyiramo neza (muri rusange < 0.05 mm / 300 mm). Izikoresha zisanzwe zirimo moteri za DC cyangwa AC servo, cyane cyane moteri za DC zifite umuvuduko wa pulse-width modulated (PWM) cyangwa moteri za AC servo kugira ngo zigende neza. Moteri ihuzwa neza na screw y'umupira, iyobora icyuma gikata cyangwa tableau yo gukoraho kugira ngo igenzure neza aho iherereye kandi ikore neza.

V. Imikoreshereze yagutse y'imashini zica imashini zikoresha laser

1. Gutunganya ibyuma by'amabati

Uduce twa laser dukundwa cyane mu gukora ibyuma bitewe n’uko tworoshye cyane, dufata imiterere igoye kandi dukoresha neza uduce duto cyangwa duciriritse. Nta mashini zikoreshwa; amabwiriza yo gutunganya ibyuma ategurwa kandi agahindurwa byoroshye hakoreshejwe mudasobwa. Ibyiza birimo umuvuduko mwinshi, icyuma gito, imiterere ihamye, ubuso buto cyane, ubukana bwiza, imiterere mike ya HAZ, no gutunganya ibintu bidahuza n’ibintu. Bikata ibikoresho hafi ya byose, harimo n’ibintu bikomeye cyane, bito cyane, kandi bishongesha cyane. Nubwo ishoramari rya mbere ari rinini, umusaruro mwinshi ugabanya ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho. Ifunze neza, umwanda muke, no gukora urusaku ruto binoza ibidukikije byo gukoreramo, bigatuma inganda zivugururwa.

2. Imashini z'ubuhinzi

Uko imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi zigenda zitera imbere, imashini zigenda zihinduranya kandi zigakora ibintu mu buryo bwikora, zikongera ubwoko bw'ibice by'icyuma kandi zigagabanya imikorere yo kuvugurura. Gukata ibirango gakondo bigengwa n'ibiciro biri hejuru by'ibimera n'ubushobozi buke. Imashini zikata laser zitanga uburyo bwo gutunganya neza, bwihuta kandi budakora ku buryo bufatika kandi bufite ubushyuhe buke. Nta bimera bigabanya amafaranga akoreshwa, kandi porogaramu zituma hacibwa ibipapuro n'imiyoboro mu buryo butunguranye, bikongera ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho kandi byoroshya iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa. Zigabanya ikiguzi cy'umusaruro kandi zishyigikira kuvugurura no kuvugurura inganda z'imashini z'ubuhinzi.

3. Gukora iyamamaza

Inganda zo kwamamaza zisaba ubuhanga bwo hejuru n'ubwiza bw'ubuso. Udukoresho twa laser dukemura ibibazo byinshi by'ibikoresho gakondo. Ku bikoresho nka acrylic, porogaramu za mudasobwa zinoza imiterere kugira ngo zibike ibikoresho. Gukata impande biraryoshye kandi ntibisaba gutunganya nyuma. Gukora nta mvumbi byoroshya inzira, bigabanya ikiguzi, kandi bikihutisha uburyo isoko rikora, bikaba byiza mu gukora ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibikoresho. Udukoresho twa laser tworohereza ibidukikije, tudakoresha urusaku rwinshi, kandi tudakoresha imyanda myinshi, dukora neza amashusho n'inyuguti bigoye, bikongera ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya, gukora neza no kunguka.

4. Gukora imyenda

Nubwo gukata intoki bikomeje kuba ibisanzwe, gukata hakoreshejwe laser mu buryo bwikora birimo kwiyongera cyane.

Gukata ibishushanyo: Bihujwe na porogaramu ya CAD kugira ngo ikore intambwe imwe, ikore neza cyane, yihute kandi ikore neza.

Gukata imyenda: Bikoreshwa cyane mu ishami ryo gukata, bifite imikorere myiza kandi iboneye (bigengwa n'ubugari bw'imyenda).

Gukora imbonerahamwe: Bisimbura uburyo bwo gukoresha intoki n'ubucukuzi, bigabanya igihe cyo gukora no kunoza ireme binyuze mu kwihuta cyane, gukora neza, guhamye, no guhuza porogaramu mu buryo butaziguye.

Muri rusange, gukata hakoreshejwe laser bitera imikorere myiza n'ubuhanga mu nganda z'imyenda.

5. Gukora ibikoresho byo mu gikoni

Gukata hakoreshejwe laser bigabanya imbogamizi z'uburyo gakondo mu muvuduko no mu buryo bunoze. Bigabanya vuba ibice bitandukanye by'ibikoresho byo mu gikoni kandi bigatanga imiterere igoye n'imitako, byongera imiterere n'agaciro. Bishyigikira iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa byihariye kandi byihariye kugira ngo bihuze n'ibyo abaguzi bakenera. Bikwiriye ibikoresho byo guteka mu byuma bitagira umugese, ibyuma, n'ibindi bikoresho by'icyuma/bitarimo ibyuma, bituma habaho udushya no gukwirakwiza ibintu bitandukanye mu nganda.

6. Inganda z'imodoka

Uduce twa laser ni ingenzi cyane mu gukora imodoka. Dutanga ubuziranenge buhanitse ku bice nk'ibice bya moteri n'imirongo y'umubiri, hamwe n'imirongo mito, imyanda mike, n'ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho byinshi mu gihe cyo gusya. Ubuso buke bugabanya ubukana nyuma yo gusya. HAZ nto irinda icyuma kitagira umugese cya ferritic n'icyuma gikomeye, ikongera ubuziranenge bwa weld. Ikora ibikoresho bitandukanye (icyuma kitagira umugese, icyuma kitagira umugese, aluminiyumu) ​​kandi igashyigikira ikorwa ry'imodoka nto, ikora rimwe, yongera igihe n'ubwiza mu gukora imodoka neza.

7. Ibikoresho byo gukora siporo

Uduce twa laser dutanga ubushobozi bwo gutunganya imiyoboro ikoreshwa mu bikoresho byo kwimenyereza umubiri. Dukata neza uburebure, inguni, n'imizingo ifite imiterere yihariye, binongera ubushobozi bwo guteranya no guhagarara. Gutunganya neza bigabanya imikorere y'umusaruro, bigatuma habaho ibisubizo byihuse ku isoko ku bijyanye n'imiterere n'ibipimo bitandukanye, bikongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'umusaruro.

8. Inganda z'indege

Inganda zikora mu kirere zifite ibisabwa byinshi cyane, kandi gukata hakoreshejwe laser bikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho by’indege na roketi. Bituma habaho gukata neza cyane ibikoresho by’indege bikomeye kandi byoroheje ku nyubako z’indege n’ibice by’ingenzi. Ku bikoresho by’roketi bigoye kandi bihangana cyane nk’ibice bya lisansi n’imizingo ya moteri, gukata hakoreshejwe laser bituma habaho kugenzura neza inzira no gutunganya imiterere y’ibintu, bigatuma habaho imikorere myiza n’umutekano.