Ihame ryibisekuru bya Laser

Kuki dukeneye kumenya ihame rya laseri?

Kumenya itandukaniro hagati ya semiconductor isanzwe, fibre, disiki, naYAG laserIrashobora kandi gufasha gusobanukirwa neza no kwishora mubiganiro byinshi mugihe cyo gutoranya.

Ingingo yibanze cyane kuri siyanse ikunzwe: intangiriro ngufi ku ihame ryibisekuruza, imiterere nyamukuru ya lazeri, nubwoko butandukanye bwa lazeri.

Ubwa mbere, ihame ryo kubyara laser

Lazeri ikorwa binyuze mumikoranire yumucyo nibintu, bizwi nka amplification yimishwarara; Gusobanukirwa imbaraga zo gukwirakwiza imirasire bisaba gusobanukirwa imyumvire ya Einstein yangiza imyuka yanduye, iyinjizwa ryayo, hamwe nimirasire itera imbaraga, hamwe nurufatiro rukenewe.

Shingiro rya 1: Icyitegererezo cya Bohr

Moderi ya Bohr itanga cyane cyane imiterere yimbere ya atome, byoroshye kumva uburyo laseri ibaho. Atome igizwe na nucleus na electron hanze ya nucleus, kandi orbitals ya electron ntabwo zishaka. Electron ifite orbitale zimwe gusa, murizo orbital y'imbere yitwa ubutaka; Niba electron iri mubutaka, ingufu zayo ni nkeya. Niba electron isimbutse ivuye muri orbit, byitwa leta yambere yishimye, kandi ingufu za leta ya mbere yishimye izaba irenze iy'ubutaka; Indi orbit yitwa leta ya kabiri yishimye;

Impamvu ituma lazeri ishobora kubaho ni ukubera ko electron zizagenda muri orbit zitandukanye muri ubu buryo. Niba electron zikurura ingufu, zirashobora kuva mubutaka bugana kuri reta yishimye; Niba electron isubiye muri reta yishimye igasubira mubutaka, izarekura ingufu, akenshi zisohoka muburyo bwa laser.

Shingiro rya 2: Igitekerezo cya Imirasire ya Einstein

Mu 1917, Einstein yatanze igitekerezo cy’imishwarara ikurura, ari yo shingiro ry’imyororokere ya lazeri n’umusemburo wa lazeri: kwinjiza cyangwa gusohora ibintu ahanini biva mu mikoranire hagati yumurima wimirasire nuduce tugize ibintu, hamwe nintangiriro yacyo. essence ninzibacyuho yingingo hagati yingufu zitandukanye. Hariho uburyo butatu butandukanye mu mikoranire hagati yumucyo nibintu: ibyuka bihumanya, ibyuka bihumanya, hamwe no kubyutsa. Kuri sisitemu irimo umubare munini wibice, izi nzira eshatu zihora zibana kandi zifitanye isano rya hafi.

Ibyuka bihumanya:

Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo: electron kurwego rwingufu nyinshi E2 ihita ihinduranya urwego ruke rwa E1 hanyuma ikohereza fotone ifite ingufu za hv, na hv = E2-E1; Iyi nzira yinzibacyuho kandi idafitanye isano yitwa inzibacyuho, kandi imiraba yumucyo itangwa ninzibacyuho yiswe imirasire yizana.

Ibiranga imyuka yanduye: Buri fotone irigenga, ifite icyerekezo nicyiciro gitandukanye, kandi igihe cyo kubaho nacyo nticyemewe. Ni iy'umucyo udahuye kandi urimo akajagari, ntabwo urumuri rusabwa na laser. Kubwibyo, uburyo bwo kubyara laser bugomba kugabanya ubu bwoko bwurumuri. Iyi nayo ni imwe mu mpamvu zituma uburebure bwumurambararo wa lazeri zitandukanye bugira urumuri rwayobye. Niba bigenzuwe neza, igipimo cyuka cyuka muri lazeri kirashobora kwirengagizwa. Laser isukuye neza, nka 1060 nm, byose ni 1060 nm, Ubu bwoko bwa lazeri bufite igipimo cyo kwinjiza no gukomera.

Kwinjiza ibintu:

Electron kurwego rwo hasi rwingufu (orbitale nkeya), nyuma yo gukuramo fotone, kwimukira murwego rwo hejuru rwingufu (orbitale ndende), kandi iyi nzira yitwa kwishiriraho. Kwinjiza ibintu ni ngombwa kandi ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi byo kuvoma. Inkomoko ya pompe ya lazeri itanga ingufu za fotone kugirango itere ibice byunguka hagati yinzibacyuho no gutegereza imirasire itera imbaraga murwego rwo hejuru, isohora lazeri.

Imirasire ikangura:

Iyo urumuri rwumucyo wingufu zituruka hanze (hv = E2-E1), electron kurwego rwingufu nyinshi ishimishwa na fotone yo hanze hanyuma igasimbuka kurwego rwo hasi (orbit ndende ijya kuri orbit yo hasi). Mugihe kimwe, isohora fotone ihwanye neza na fotone yo hanze. Iyi nzira ntabwo ikurura urumuri rwambere rwo kwishima, bityo hazaba hariho fotone ebyiri zisa, zishobora kumvikana nkuko electron isohora fotone yari yarinjijwe mbere, Iyi nzira ya luminescence yitwa imishwarara ikangura, aribwo buryo bwo guhindura ibintu bikurura.

Nyuma yigitekerezo gisobanutse, biroroshye cyane kubaka lazeri, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cyavuzwe haruguru: mugihe gisanzwe cyimiterere yibintu bihamye, umubare munini wa electroni uri mubutaka, electron muburyo bwubutaka, na laser biterwa imishwarara. Kubwibyo, imiterere ya lazeri ni ukwemerera kwinjizwa gukurura kubaho mbere, kuzana electron kurwego rwo hejuru rwingufu, hanyuma bigatanga umunezero wo gutera umubare munini wa electron zo murwego rwo hejuru ingufu za elegitoronike kugira imishwarara ikurura, ikarekura fotone, Kuva iyi, laser irashobora kubyara. Ibikurikira, tuzamenyekanisha imiterere ya laser.

Imiterere ya Laser:

Huza imiterere ya laser hamwe nibisekuru bya laser byavuzwe mbere umwe umwe:

Imiterere yibibaho nuburyo bujyanye:

1. , hanyuma urekure fotone mumwuka umwe ukoresheje imirasire ikangura);

. ingufu nkeya), nk'itara rya xenon muri laseri ya YAG;

3. Hariho umwobo wa resonant ushobora kugera ku ihindagurika rya lazeri, kongera uburebure bwakazi bwibikoresho bya lazeri, ukerekana uburyo bwumucyo wumucyo, kugenzura icyerekezo cyogukwirakwiza urumuri, guhitamo kwongerera imbaraga imirasire ikangurwa kugirango utezimbere monochromaticity (kwemeza ko laser isohoka ku mbaraga runaka).

Imiterere ijyanye irerekanwa mumashusho yavuzwe haruguru, nuburyo bworoshye bwa laser ya YAG. Izindi nzego zishobora kuba zigoye, ariko intangiriro niyi. Inzira yo kubyara ya laser irerekanwa mumashusho:

Ibyiciro bya Laser: mubisanzwe byashyizwe mubikorwa byunguka hagati cyangwa nuburyo bwa laser

Kunguka urwego ruciriritse:

Dioxyde de carbone: Kwunguka uburyo bwa karuboni ya dioxyde de lazeri ni helium naCO2 laser,hamwe nuburebure bwa laser ya 10.6um, nikimwe mubicuruzwa bya laser byambere byatangijwe. Gusudira lazeri kare byari bishingiye cyane cyane kuri laser ya dioxyde de carbone, kuri ubu ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gusudira no gukata ibikoresho bitari ibyuma (imyenda, plastiki, ibiti, nibindi). Mubyongeyeho, ikoreshwa no kumashini ya lithographie. Lazeri ya dioxyde de carbone ntishobora kwanduzwa binyuze muri fibre optique kandi ikanyura mumihanda ya optique, Tongkuai ya mbere yakozwe neza ugereranije, kandi hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byinshi byo gutema;

YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet) laser: YAG kristal ya dope hamwe na neodymium (Nd) cyangwa yttrium (Yb) ion zikoreshwa nka laser yunguka hagati, hamwe nuburebure bwa 1.06um. Lazeri ya YAG irashobora gusohora impiswi ndende, ariko imbaraga zisanzwe ni nkeya, kandi imbaraga zo hejuru zishobora kugera ku nshuro 15 imbaraga zisanzwe. Niba ari laser pulse, ibisohoka bidasubirwaho ntibishobora kugerwaho; Ariko irashobora kwanduzwa binyuze muri fibre optique, kandi mugihe kimwe, igipimo cyo kwinjiza ibikoresho byicyuma cyiyongera, kandi gitangiye gukoreshwa mubikoresho byerekana cyane, byabanje gukoreshwa mumurima wa 3C;

Fibre laser: Inzira nyamukuru yisoko ikoresha ytterbium doped fibre nkinyungu zunguka, hamwe nuburebure bwa 1060nm. Igabanijwemo kandi fibre na fibre ya disiki ukurikije imiterere yikigereranyo; Fibre optique ihagarariye IPG, naho disiki igereranya Tongkuai.

Laser ya Semiconductor: Icyunguka giciriritse ni ihuriro rya semiconductor PN, kandi uburebure bwumurongo wa semiconductor laser ni kuri 976nm. Kugeza ubu, semiconductor hafi-ya-infragre ya lazeri ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kwambika, hamwe n’umucyo uri hejuru ya 600um. Laserline ni uruganda ruhagarariye semiconductor laseri.

Bikurikiranye nuburyo bwibikorwa byingufu: Pulse laser (PULSE), quasi ikomeza laser (QCW), laser ikomeza (CW)

Lazeri ya pulse: nanosekond, picosekond, femtosekond, iyi lazeri yumurongo mwinshi (ns, ubugari bwa pulse) irashobora kugera ku mbaraga zo hejuru cyane, gutunganya inshuro nyinshi (MHZ), ikoreshwa mugutunganya ibikoresho bito bito na aluminiyumu, ndetse no gukora isuku cyane . Ukoresheje ingufu zo hejuru cyane, irashobora gushonga byihuse ibikoresho fatizo, hamwe nigihe gito cyibikorwa na zone ntoya yibasiwe. Ifite ibyiza mugutunganya ibikoresho bya ultra-thin (munsi ya 0.5mm);

Quasi ikomeza laser (QCW): Bitewe nigipimo kinini cyo gusubiramo hamwe ninshingano nke (munsi ya 50%), ubugari bwa pulse yaQCW laserigera kuri 50 us-50 ms, yuzuza icyuho kiri hagati ya kilowatt urwego rukomeza fibre laser na Q-yahinduwe pulse laser; Imbaraga zimpanuka ya kwasi ikomeza fibre laser irashobora kugera inshuro 10 imbaraga zisanzwe muburyo bukomeza. Lazeri ya QCW muri rusange ifite uburyo bubiri, bumwe ni ugukomeza gusudira ku mbaraga nke, naho ubundi ni pulsed laser gusudira hamwe nimbaraga zo hejuru yikubye inshuro 10 imbaraga zisanzwe, zishobora kugera kubikoresho byimbitse no gusudira cyane, mugihe kandi bigenzura ubushyuhe muri a intera nto cyane;

Gukomeza Laser (CW): Iyi niyo ikoreshwa cyane, kandi ibyinshi mubiboneka ku isoko ni CW laseri ikomeza gusohora lazeri yo gutunganya. Lazeri ya fibre igabanijwemo uburyo bumwe nuburyo bwinshi bwa lazeri ukurikije ibipimo fatizo bitandukanye bya diametre hamwe nibiranga urumuri, kandi birashobora guhuzwa nibisabwa bitandukanye.