Laser na sisitemu yo gutunganya

1. Ihame ryibisekuruza

Imiterere ya atome ni nka sisitemu ntoya yizuba, hamwe nucleus ya atome hagati. Electron ihora izenguruka kuri nucleus ya atome, kandi nucleus ya atome nayo ihora izunguruka.

Nucleus igizwe na proton na neutron. Porotone irishyurwa neza kandi neutron ntizishyurwa. Umubare w'amafaranga meza yatwawe na nucleus yose angana n'umubare w'amafaranga mabi atwarwa na electron zose, muri rusange rero atome ntaho ibogamiye ku isi.

Kubijyanye na misa ya atome, nucleus yibanda cyane mubyinshi bya atome, kandi misa itwarwa na electron zose ni nto cyane. Muburyo bwa atome, nucleus ifata umwanya muto gusa. Electron zizunguruka nucleus, kandi electron zifite umwanya munini cyane wibikorwa.

Atome zifite "ingufu zimbere", zigizwe nibice bibiri: kimwe nuko electron zifite umuvuduko wizenguruka nimbaraga zimwe za kinetic; ikindi ni uko hari intera iri hagati ya electron zashizwemo nabi na nucleus yuzuye neza, kandi hariho umubare munini wingufu zishobora. Igiteranyo cyingufu za kinetic nimbaraga zishoboka za electron zose nimbaraga za atome yose, yitwa ingufu zimbere za atome.

Electron zose zizunguruka muri nucleus; rimwe na rimwe hafi ya nucleus, ingufu za electroni ni nto; rimwe na rimwe kure ya nucleus, ingufu za electron nini nini; ukurikije amahirwe yo kubaho, abantu bagabanya urwego rwa electron mubice bitandukanye "" Urwego rwingufu "; Kuri "Urwego Rwingufu" runaka, hashobora kubaho electron nyinshi zizenguruka kenshi, kandi buri electron ntabwo ifite orbit ihamye, ariko izo electron zose zose zifite urwego rumwe rwingufu; “Inzego z'ingufu” zitandukanijwe. Nibyo, barigunze ukurikije urwego rwingufu. Igitekerezo cy "urwego rwingufu" ntabwo kigabanya electron gusa murwego ukurikije ingufu, ahubwo inagabanya umwanya uzenguruka wa electron mubice byinshi. Muri make, atom irashobora kugira urwego rwingufu nyinshi, kandi urwego rwingufu zitandukanye ruhuye ningufu zitandukanye; electron zimwe zizenguruka "urwego ruke rwingufu" hamwe na electron zimwe zizenguruka "murwego rwo hejuru".

Muri iki gihe, ibitabo bya fiziki yo mu mashuri yisumbuye byagaragaje neza imiterere ya atome zimwe na zimwe, amategeko yo gukwirakwiza electron muri buri cyiciro cya electron, n'umubare wa electron ku nzego zitandukanye.

Muri sisitemu ya atome, electron ahanini zigenda mubice, hamwe na atome zimwe murwego rwo hejuru kandi zimwe murwego rwo hasi; kubera ko atome ihora yibasiwe nibidukikije byo hanze (ubushyuhe, amashanyarazi, magnetisme), ingufu za electron zo murwego rwo hejuru ntizihinduka kandi bizahita bihinduka kurwego ruke rwingufu nkeya, ingaruka zabyo zirashobora kwinjizwa, cyangwa bishobora kubyara ingaruka zidasanzwe zishimishije kandi bigatera " ibyuka bihumanya ”. Kubwibyo, muri sisitemu ya atome, mugihe ingufu za elegitoronike zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zijya mu rwego rw’ingufu nkeya, hazagaragaramo ibintu bibiri: "ibyuka bihumanya" na "ibyuka bihumanya".

Imirasire yizana, electron muri reta zifite ingufu nyinshi ntizihinduka kandi, yibasiwe nibidukikije byo hanze (ubushyuhe, amashanyarazi, magnetisme), bihita byimukira mubihugu bidafite ingufu nke, kandi ingufu zirenze urugero zikoreshwa muburyo bwa fotone. Ikiranga ubu bwoko bwimirasire nuko inzibacyuho ya buri electron ikorwa yigenga kandi itemewe. Photon ivuga ibyuka bihumanya bya electroni zitandukanye biratandukanye. Isohora ryumucyo ryihuse riri muburyo "budahuye" kandi ryatatanye. Nyamara, imirasire yizana ifite ibiranga atome ubwayo, kandi spekrasi yimirasire ya atome zitandukanye ziratandukanye. Tuvuze kuri ibi, byibutsa abantu ubumenyi bwibanze muri fiziki, "Ikintu icyo aricyo cyose gifite ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, kandi ikintu gifite ubushobozi bwo guhora gikurura no gusohora imiraba ya electroniki. Imirasire ya electromagnetique ikwirakwizwa nubushyuhe ifite ikwirakwizwa ryihariye. Ikwirakwizwa Ikwirakwizwa rifitanye isano n'imiterere y'ikintu ubwacyo n'ubushyuhe bwacyo. ” Kubwibyo, impamvu yo kubaho kwimirasire yumuriro nubuso bwa atome bwihuse.

Mu myuka ihumanya ikirere, ingufu za elegitoronike zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zinjira mu rwego rw’ingufu nkeya munsi ya “stimulation” cyangwa “induction” ya “fotone ikwiranye n’ibihe” kandi ikanakwirakwiza fotone yumurongo umwe na foton yibyabaye. Ikintu kinini kiranga imirasire ikangurwa nuko fotone ikorwa nimirasire ikangutse ifite imiterere imwe na fotone yibyara ibyara imirasire ikangura. Bameze muri "coherent". Bafite inshuro imwe nicyerekezo kimwe, kandi ntibishoboka rwose gutandukanya byombi. itandukaniro muri ibyo. Muri ubu buryo, foton imwe ihinduka fotone ebyiri zisa binyuze mumyuka imwe itera. Ibi bivuze ko urumuri rwaka, cyangwa "rwongerewe".

Noneho reka twongere dusesengure, ni ibihe bintu bikenewe kugirango tubone imirasire ikabije kandi ikunze kubaho?

Mubihe bisanzwe, umubare wa electron murwego rwingufu nyinshi uhora uri munsi yumubare wa electron murwego rwo hasi. Niba ushaka ko atome zitanga imirasire ikangura, urashaka kongera umubare wa electron murwego rwingufu nyinshi, bityo rero ukeneye "isoko ya pompe", intego yayo ni ugukangurira byinshi Byinshi cyane ingufu nkeya zo murwego rwo hasi zisimbuka kurwego rwingufu nyinshi , bityo rero umubare wa electron zo murwego rwohejuru zizaba zirenze umubare wa electron zifite ingufu nkeya, kandi "umubare uhindagurika" uzaba. Byinshi cyane-ingufu zo murwego rwa electron zirashobora kuguma mugihe gito cyane. Igihe kizasimbuka kurwego rwo hasi rwingufu, bityo amahirwe yo gusohora imishwarara yiyongera.

Birumvikana ko "pompe isoko" yashyizweho kuri atome zitandukanye. Bituma electron "yumvikana" kandi ikemerera ingufu za elegitoronike nkeya kurwego rwo gusimbuka kurwego rwo hejuru. Basomyi barashobora gusobanukirwa mubyukuri, laser ni iki? Nigute laser ikorwa? Laser ni "imirasire yumucyo" "ishimishwa" na atome yikintu munsi yimikorere ya "pompe". Iyi ni laser.